382 research outputs found
Weak Lensing Detection of Cl 1604+4304 at z = 0.90
We present a weak lensing analysis of the high-redshift cluster Cl 1604+4304.
At z=0.90, this is the highest-redshift cluster yet detected with weak lensing.
It is also one of a sample of high-redshift, optically-selected clusters whose
X-ray temperatures are lower than expected based on their velocity dispersions.
Both the gas temperature and galaxy velocity dispersion are proxies for its
mass, which can be determined more directly by a lensing analysis. Modeling the
cluster as a singular isothermal sphere, we find that the mass contained within
projected radius R is 3.69+-1.47 * (R/500 kpc) 10^14 M_odot. This corresponds
to an inferred velocity dispersion of 1004+-199 km/s, which agrees well with
the measured velocity dispersion of 989+98-76 km/s (Gal & Lubin 2004). These
numbers are higher than the 575+110-85 km/s inferred from Cl 1604+4304 X-ray
temperature, however all three velocity dispersion estimates are consistent
within ~ 1.9 sigma.Comment: Revised version accepted for publication in AJ (January 2005). 2
added figures (6 figures total
Hubble Space Telescope weak lensing study of the z=0.83 cluster MS 1054-03
We have measured the weak gravitational lensing signal of MS 1054-03, a rich
and X-ray luminous cluster of galaxies at a redshift of z=0.83, using a
two-colour mosaic of deep WFPC2 images. The small corrections for the size of
the PSF and the high number density of background galaxies obtained in these
observations result in an accurate and well calibrated measurement of the
lensing induced distortion. The strength of the lensing signal depends on the
redshift distribution of the background galaxies. We used photometric redshift
distributions from the Northern and Southern Hubble Deep Fields to relate the
lensing signal to the mass. The predicted variations of the signal as a
function of apparent source magnitude and colour agrees well with the observed
lensing signal. We determine a mass of (1.2+-0.2)x10^15 Msun within an aperture
of radius 1 Mpc. Under the assumption of an isothermal mass distribution, the
corresponding velocity dispersion is 1311^{+83}_{-89} km/s. For the
mass-to-light ratio we find 269+-37 Msun/Lsun. The errors in the mass and
mass-to-light ratio include the contribution from the random intrinsic
ellipticities of the source galaxies, but not the (systematic) error due to the
uncertainty in the redshift distribution. However, the estimates for the mass
and mass-to-light ratio of MS 1054-03 agree well with other estimators,
suggesting that the mass calibration works well. The reconstruction of the
projected mass surface density shows a complex mass distribution, consistent
with the light distribution. The results indicate that MS 1054-03 is a young
system. The timescale for relaxation is estimated to be at least 1 Gyr.
Averaging the tangential shear around the cluster galaxies, we find that the
velocity dispersion of an Lstar galaxy is 203+-33 km/s.Comment: 21 pages, Latex, with 27 figures (3 figures bitmapped), ApJ, in
press. Version (with non-bitmapped figures) available at
http://www.astro.rug.nl/~hoekstra/papers.htm
Outcomes in Trials for Management of Caries Lesions (OuTMaC):protocol
Background
Clinical trials on caries lesion management use an abundance of outcomes, hampering comparison or combination of different study results and their efficient translation into clinical practice. Core outcome sets are an agreed standardized collection of outcomes which should be measured and reported in all trials for a specific clinical area. We aim to develop a core outcome set for trials investigating management of caries lesions in primary or permanent teeth conducted in primary or secondary care encompassing all stages of disease.
Methods
To identify existing outcomes, trials on prevention and trials on management of caries lesions will be screened systematically in four databases. Screening, extraction and deduplication will be performed by two researchers until consensus is reached. The definition of the core outcome set will by based on an e-Delhi consensus process involving key stakeholders namely patients, dentists, clinical researchers, health economists, statisticians, policy-makers and industry representatives. For the first stage of the Delphi process, a patient panel and a separate panel consisting of researchers, clinicians, teachers, industry affiliated researchers, policy-makers, and other interested parties will be held. An inclusive approach will be taken to involve panelists from a wide variety of socio-economic and geographic backgrounds. Results from the first round will be summarized and fed back to individuals for the second round, where panels will be combined and allowed to modify their scoring in light of the full panel’s opinion. Necessity for a third round will be dependent on the outcome of the first two. Agreement will be measured via defined consensus rules; up to a maximum of seven outcomes. If resources allow, we will investigate features that influence decision making for different groups.
Discussion
By using an explicit, transparent and inclusive multi-step consensus process, the planned core outcome set should be justifiable, relevant and comprehensive. The dissemination and application of this core outcome set should improve clinical trials on managing caries lesions and allow comparison, synthesis and implementation of scientific data.
Trial registration
Registered 12 April 2015 at COMET (http://www.comet-initiative.org
Environment of MAMBO galaxies in the COSMOS field
Submillimeter galaxies (SMG) represent a dust-obscured high-redshift
population undergoing massive star formation activity. Their properties and
space density have suggested that they may evolve into spheroidal galaxies
residing in galaxy clusters. In this paper, we report the discovery of compact
(~10"-20") galaxy overdensities centered at the position of three SMGs detected
with the Max-Planck Millimeter Bolometer camera (MAMBO) in the COSMOS field.
These associations are statistically significant. The photometric redshifts of
galaxies in these structures are consistent with their associated SMGs; all of
them are between z=1.4-2.5, implying projected physical sizes of ~170 kpc for
the overdensities. Our results suggest that about 30% of the radio-identified
bright SMGs in that redshift range form in galaxy density peaks in the crucial
epoch when most stars formed.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ Letter
Weak Lensing by High-Redshift Clusters of Galaxies - I: Cluster Mass Reconstruction
We present the results of a weak lensing survey of six high-redshift (z >
0.5), X-ray selected clusters of galaxies. We have obtained ultra-deep R-band
images of each cluster with the Keck Telescope, and have measured a weak
lensing signal from each cluster. From the background galaxy ellipticities we
create two-dimensional maps of the surface mass density of each cluster. We
find that the substructure seen in the mass reconstructions typically agree
well with substructure in both the cluster galaxy distributions and X-ray
images of the clusters. We also measure the one-dimensional radial profiles of
the lensing signals and fit these with both isothermal spheres and "universal"
CDM profiles. We find that the more massive clusters are less compact and not
as well fit by isothermal spheres as the less massive clusters, possibly
indicating that they are still in the process of collapse.Comment: 43 pages, 15 figures, uses aastex, submitted to ApJ 4 color plates
produced here as jpg's, larger versions of the jpgs can be found at
http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/~clow
A Comparison of Simple Mass Estimators for Galaxy Clusters
High-resolution N-body simulations are used to investigate systematic trends
in the mass profiles and total masses of clusters as derived from 3 simple
estimators: (1) the weak gravitational lensing shear field under the assumption
of an isothermal cluster potential, (2) the dynamical mass obtained from the
measured velocity dispersion under the assumption of an isothermal cluster
potential, and (3) the classical virial estimator. The clusters consist of
order 2.5e+05 particles of mass m_p \simeq 10^{10} \Msun, have triaxial mass
distributions, and significant substructure exists within their virial radii.
Not surprisingly, the level of agreement between the mass profiles obtained
from the various estimators and the actual mass profiles is found to be
scale-dependent.
The virial estimator yields a good measurement of the total cluster mass,
though it is systematically underestimated by of order 10%. This result
suggests that, at least in the limit of ideal data, the virial estimator is
quite robust to deviations from pure spherical symmetry and the presence of
substructure. The dynamical mass estimate based upon a measurement of the
cluster velocity dispersion and an assumption of an isothermal potential yields
a poor measurement of the total mass. The weak lensing estimate yields a very
good measurement of the total mass, provided the mean shear used to determine
the equivalent cluster velocity dispersion is computed from an average of the
lensing signal over the entire cluster (i.e. the mean shear is computed
interior to the virial radius). [abridged]Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal. Complete
paper, including 3 large colour figures can also be obtained from
http://bu-ast.bu.edu/~brainerd/preprints
Calcium Signaling in the Ventricular Myocardium of the Goto-Kakizaki Type 2 Diabetic Rat
The association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and high mortality linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major concern worldwide. Clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated a variety of diastolic and systolic dysfunctions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with the severity of abnormalities depending on the patients’ age and duration of diabetes. The
cellular basis of hemodynamic dysfunction in type 2 diabetic heart is still not well understood. The aim of this review is to evaluate our current understanding of contractile dysfunction and disturbances of Ca2+ transport in the Goto-Kakizaki (GK) diabetic rat heart. The GK rat is a widely used non-obese, non-hypertensive genetic model of T2DM which is characterized by
insulin resistance, elevated blood glucose, alterations in blood lipid profile and cardiac dysfunction
The very bright SCUBA galaxy count: looking for SCUBA galaxies with the Mexican Hat Wavelet
We present the results of a search for bright high-redshift galaxies in two
large SCUBA scan-maps of Galactic regions. A Mexican Hat Wavelet technique was
used to locate point sources in these maps, which suffer high foreground
contamination as well as typical scan-map noise signatures. A catalogue of
point source objects was selected and observed again in the submillimetre
continuum, and in HCO+ (3->2) at zero redshift to rule out Galactic sources. No
extragalactic sources were found. Simulations show that the survey was
sensitive to sources with fluxes > 50 mJy, depending on the local background.
These simulations result in upper limits on the 850-micron counts of SCUBA
galaxies of 53 per square degree at 50 mJy and 2.9 per square degree at 100
mJy.Comment: Accepted by MNRA
Using Gravitational Lensing to study HI clouds at high redshift
We investigate the possibility of detecting HI emission from gravitationally
lensed HI clouds (akin to damped Lyman- clouds) at high redshift by
carrying out deep radio observations in the fields of known cluster lenses.
Such observations will be possible with present radio telescopes only if the
lens substantially magnifies the flux of the HI emission. While at present this
holds the only possibility of detecting the HI emission from such clouds, it
has the disadvantage of being restricted to clouds that lie very close to the
caustics of the lens. We find that observations at a detection threshold of 50
micro Jy at 320 MHz (possible with the GMRT) have a greater than 20%
probability of detecting an HI cloud in the field of a cluster, provided the
clouds have HI masses in the range 5 X 10^8 M_{\odot} < M_{HI} < 2.5 X 10^{10}
M_{\odot}. The probability of detecting a cloud increases if they have larger
HI masses, except in the cases where the number of HI clouds in the cluster
field becomes very small. The probability of a detection at 610 MHz and 233 MHz
is comparable to that at 320 MHz, though a definitive statement is difficult
owing to uncertainties in the HI content at the redshifts corresponding to
these frequencies. Observations at a detection threshold of 2 micro Jy
(possible in the future with the SKA) are expected to detect a few HI clouds in
the field of every cluster provided the clouds have HI masses in the range 2 X
10^7 M_{\odot} < M_{HI} < 10^9 M_{\odot}. Even if such observations do not
result in the detection of HI clouds, they will be able to put useful
constraints on the HI content of the clouds.Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures, minor changes in figures, accepted for
publication in Ap
Lensing and caustic effects on cosmological distances
We consider the changes which occur in cosmological distances due to the
combined effects of some null geodesics passing through low-density regions
while others pass through lensing-induced caustics. This combination of effects
increases observed areas corresponding to a given solid angle even when
averaged over large angular scales, through the additive effect of increases on
all scales, but particularly on micro-angular scales; however angular sizes
will not be significantly effected on large angular scales (when caustics
occur, area distances and angular-diameter distances no longer coincide). We
compare our results with other works on lensing, which claim there is no such
effect, and explain why the effect will indeed occur in the (realistic)
situation where caustics due to lensing are significant. Whether or not the
effect is significant for number counts depends on the associated angular
scales and on the distribution of inhomogeneities in the universe. It could
also possibly affect the spectrum of CBR anisotropies on small angular scales,
indeed caustics can induce a non-Gaussian signature into the CMB at small
scales and lead to stronger mixing of anisotropies than occurs in weak lensing.Comment: 28 pages, 6 ps figures, eps
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