Development of Internet communication and social networking in modern conditions: institutional and legal aspects

The development of the Internet, which has been active over the past two decades, is leading to the formation of new forms of human interaction on the World Wide Web. One of such forms is actually social networks, which from the beginning of their activity are used mainly as a way to ensure human communication. However, such a big number of consumers with the usual ways of buying goods and services, lead to the search for new platforms for companies to do business, which in turn provokes the transition of social networks to a fundamentally new level of activity

Rationale for the Combined Use of Biological Processes and AOPs in Wastewater Treatment Tasks

This paper aims to form a unified concept of the integrated use of different wastewater treatment methods to form a resistant biological treatment stage of technological systems under the influence of such toxic factors as antibiotics and surfactants. The processes of mechanical treatment, ozonation, UV irradiation, and electrolytic anodic oxidation were implemented in an electrotechnological wastewater treatment facility. Wastewater treatment quality was determined by the concentration of nitrogen compounds in aqueous solutions according to the method of Lurie. Biodiagnostics of the investigated activated sludge via surfactant action was carried out at polyethylene oxide concentrations of 10, 30, and 50 mg/dm3. As a result of experiments on wastewater treatment after aquaculture, an improvement in the reduction of pollutants only by the indicator “nitrate concentration” was determined: by 20% after anodic oxidation, and by 15% after photolysis. At almost all surfactant concentrations studied, the activated sludge was not completely recovered, which was expressed in a decrease in its quantity and in the inability to aggregate flakes of activated sludge. The diameter of the growth retardation of the standard disk with antibiotic (amoxiclav) by the accumulative culture of activated sludge was 17.3 2 mm at a concentration of 4 mg/dm3 and 31.3 3 mm at a concentration of 6 mg/dm3. In the process of studying the state of the activated sludge’s biocenosis under the influence of such toxicants, several regularities were revealed. The directions of using combined approaches of water treatment and wastewater treatment were defined. The structural model of treatment facilities using aerobic and anaerobic bioprocesses together with advanced oxidative technologies was substantiated

The cluster species effect on the noble gas cluster interaction with solid surfaces

The effect of noble gas cluster species on the cluster interaction with solid surfaces was investigated. Processes of Ar, Kr and Xe clusters interaction with Cu and Mo surfaces were studied using molecular dynamics simulations. It is shown that lighter cluster front atoms undergo more backscattering from surface atoms, causing more intense multiple collisions between cluster atoms. This affects cluster penetration, energy exchange between the cluster and surface atoms, and cluster thermalization. The influence of energy per cluster atom on these effects is discussed.The effect of noble gas cluster species on the cluster interaction with solid surfaces was investigated. Processes of Ar, Kr and Xe clusters interaction with Cu and Mo surfaces were studied using molecular dynamics simulations. It is shown that lighter cluster front atoms undergo more backscattering from surface atoms, causing more intense multiple collisions between cluster atoms. This affects cluster penetration, energy exchange between the cluster and surface atoms, and cluster thermalization. The influence of energy per cluster atom on these effects is discussed.Peer reviewe

Геоботанічні аспекти екотонізації природних ландшафтів

Vegetation is one of the main criteria for landscape differentiation of the Earth surface. The main morphological feature of the landscape is the presence or absence of the forest that is, and the gradual character of the boundaries between the natural zones causes the formation of fairly wide transitional zones bands – ecotones. They have become one of the most common subjects in landscape research in recent years. This is natural in view of the insufficient localization of ecotones and their constant drift in the light of gradual changes in climate and degradation of soil cover. In modern studies, structural-geographical ecotones are considered not as clear sharp boundaries, but as rather wide transitional bands. There are four natural zones (mixed coniferous-deciduous forests, deciduous forests, forest-steppe and steppe) and three structural and geographical strips – pasture, forest and field districted in the plain part of Ukraine. If the physical-geographical boundary of the forest-steppe and steppe is traditionally drawn along the Balta – Kropyvnytskyi – Dnipro – Izyum – Kup'yansk line, from the standpoint of constructive geography, the area of continuous predominance of the field landscapes is shifted to the north by almost 100 km. In general, the territory of the traditionally separated southern sub-zone of the forest-steppe objectively reaching the steppe zone is today. Anthropogenic factor makes its adjustments to the holding of ecotones, in particular through deforestation. The action of natural and anthropogenic factors is synergistic. On the one hand, the natural process of the steppe on the forest continues; on the other hand, one actively promotes deforestation. Therefore, the boundaries of Polissya and the Forest-Steppe are becoming less clear. Ecotones are manifested not only on the interzonal (macro- and meso scale) but also on the intra-zonal, within landscape complexes (micro levels). A striking example would be the ecotones in forest landscapes. In general, the continuous changes of the landscape environment, caused nowadays by both natural and anthropogenic factors, inevitably cause the displacement of both geobotanical and physical-geographical boundaries. However, most landscape systems are not homogeneous in their typological characteristics; the transitions between them are rather blurred. This further complicates the boundaries and suggests the leading importance of ecotones in the terrestrial landscape organization.Відзначено, що більшість сучасних ландшафтів – як натуральних природних, так і антропогенних – мають характер екотонів. Наголошено, що екотонізація виразно позначається на педобіогенному компоненті-чинникові ландшафту. Зауважено, що формування екотонів відбувається як на макро- й мезо-, так і на мікрорівні організації рослинного компоненту. Проілюстровано, що явище поступового переходу від однієї фізико-географічної зони до іншої яскраво проявляється на прикладах лісостепу Правобережної України – як у межах екотону "зона мішаних лісів" – "лісостеп", так і в смузі екотону "лісостеп" – "степ". Наголошено, що процесам екотонізації ландшафтів істотно сприяє втручання антропогенного чинника. Розглянуто різні варіанти екотонізації лісових фітоценозів, зокрема висвітлено особливості природних і антропогенних екотонів "ліс – галявина", "ліс – прогалина", "ліс – узлісся", "ліс – зруб" тощо. Відзначено високий рівень біорізноманіття, властивий лісовим ландшафтам завдяки їхній екотонізації. Проаналізовано феномен "екотону в часі", що проявляється на сукцесійних стадіях розвитку лісових фітоценозів. Окреслено основний зміст концепцій змін порід деревної лісової рослинності відповідно до поглядів В. П. Кучерявого та Г. Ф. Морозова. Зауважено, що сукупна дія природних і антропогенних чинників увиразнює розмитість меж природних регіонів і в такий спосіб підсилює екотонізацію ландшафтів, зокрема лісових. Наголошено, що дослідження екотонів становить комплексну міждисциплінарну наукову проблему, що перебуває на пограниччі географії, геоботаніки, лісознавства, ландшафтної та соціоекології

Rationale for the Combined Use of Biological Processes and AOPs in Wastewater Treatment Tasks

This paper aims to form a unified concept of the integrated use of different wastewater treatment methods to form a resistant biological treatment stage of technological systems under the influence of such toxic factors as antibiotics and surfactants. The processes of mechanical treatment, ozonation, UV irradiation, and electrolytic anodic oxidation were implemented in an electrotechnological wastewater treatment facility. Wastewater treatment quality was determined by the concentration of nitrogen compounds in aqueous solutions according to the method of Lurie. Biodiagnostics of the investigated activated sludge via surfactant action was carried out at polyethylene oxide concentrations of 10, 30, and 50 mg/dm3. As a result of experiments on wastewater treatment after aquaculture, an improvement in the reduction of pollutants only by the indicator “nitrate concentration” was determined: by 20% after anodic oxidation, and by 15% after photolysis. At almost all surfactant concentrations studied, the activated sludge was not completely recovered, which was expressed in a decrease in its quantity and in the inability to aggregate flakes of activated sludge. The diameter of the growth retardation of the standard disk with antibiotic (amoxiclav) by the accumulative culture of activated sludge was 17.3 ± 2 mm at a concentration of 4 mg/dm3 and 31.3 ± 3 mm at a concentration of 6 mg/dm3. In the process of studying the state of the activated sludge’s biocenosis under the influence of such toxicants, several regularities were revealed. The directions of using combined approaches of water treatment and wastewater treatment were defined. The structural model of treatment facilities using aerobic and anaerobic bioprocesses together with advanced oxidative technologies was substantiated

Влияние перфторана на модифицированные электрическими импульсами мембраны эритроцитов

As a plasma substitute clinical medicine uses perfluorane that is an antishock, antiischemic, and cardioprotective agent having a function of transferring O2 and CO2. The authors have investigated the interaction of perfluorane particles with human erythrocytic membranes. The erythrocytic membranes were modified with an impulse electrical field in the experiment. The induced calibrated electroporation of the membranes permitted the detection of the masked effects of perfluorane on blood cells. A clinical defibrillator was used as a source of an impulse electrical field. An electrical impulse was applied to the titanium electrodes placed into the quartz cuvette containing a red blood suspension. Perfluorane was added at concentrations of 5—100 ^l/ml of the suspension. The results were assessed by the optical density of the suspension before and after the action of perfluorane and the impulse electrical field. More than 450 experiments were carried out in three series. The authors studied the effect of perfluorane at concentrations of 10—100 ^l/ml on the modified erythrocytic membranes in the first series, the combined effect of the agent and the second electrical impulse in the second series, and the effect of perfluorane at concentrations of 5, 25, and 100 ^l/ml on the membrane upon combined exposures to positive and negative impulse electrical field in the third series. The first and second series of experiments indicated the strengthening (decelerating the rate of hemolysis) effect of perfluorane administered at small concentrations and its damaging effect given at high concentrations. Exposure to electrical fields of different directions in the second and third series made it possible to change the shear vector of charged perfluorane particles against the blood cells and to reveal a number of composite nonlinear effects of their interaction. The paper discusses the possible mechanisms of interaction of perfluorane with erythrocytic membranes, which are associated with the structural, charge, and electrochemical asymmetry of the mem-brane-perfluorane system.В клинической медицине в качестве плазмозаменителя используют перфторан, как противошоковое, противоише-мическое и кардиопротекторное средство с функцией переноса О2 и СО2. В работе изучали взаимодействие частиц перфторана с мембранами эритроцитов крови человека. В эксперименте мембраны эритроцитов модифицировались импульсным электрическим полем. Индуцированная калиброванная электропорация мембран позволяла выделить «замаскированные» эффекты действия перфторана на клети крови. В качестве источника импульсного электрического поля использовался клинический дефибриллятор. Электрический импульс подводился к титановым электродам, которые помещались в кварцевую кювету с суспензией эритроцитов. В кювету добавляли перфторан в концентрациях 5—100 мкл на мл суспензии. Результаты оценивали по оптической плотности суспензии до и после воздействия перфторана и импульсного электрического поля. Проведено более 450 опытов в трёх сериях. В первой изучали действие перфторана при концентрациях 10—100 мкл/мл на модифицированные мембраны эритроцитов, во второй — комбинированное действие перфторана со вторым электрическим импульсом, в третьей — действие перф-торана при концентрациях 5, 25 и 100 мкл/мл на мембрану при комбинированном воздействии импульсного электрического поля положительного и отрицательного направлений. В первой и второй сериях опытов показан укрепляющий (замедляющий скорость гемолиза) эффект действия перфторана при малых его концентрациях и разрушающий эффект при больших. Воздействие электрическими полями разных направлений во второй и третьей сериях позволяло менять вектор сдвига заряженных частиц перфторана по отношению к клеткам крови и выявить ряд сложных нелинейных эффектов их взаимодействия. В работе обсуждаются возможные механизмы взаимодействия перфто-рана с мембранами эритроцитов, связанные со структурной, зарядовой, электрохимической асимметричностью системы «мембрана — перфторан»

Влияние перфторана на наноструктуру мембран дискоцита и стоматоцита после острой кровопотери

The purpose of the study: to evaluate the effect of Perftoran (PF) on the membrane nanostructure of discocytes and stomatocytes after acute blood loss. Materials and methods. The study was performed in white male rats. Nembutal was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 25 mg/kg. The study model was as follows: acute blood loss followed by hypotension for 60 min with the BP maintained at the level of 40 mm Hg with subsequent reinfusion of lost blood. Blood samples were collected from the tail artery before the blood loss and 2 hours after reinfusion. PF was administered intraarterially at a dose 3 ml/kg of body mass immediately after the blood loss replacement. Animals who did not receive Perftoran served as a reference group. The RBC membrane structure was studied using the Femtoscan atomic force microscope at ranges with different spatial periods. The ranges were selected using the Fourier transform and spectral windowing. Periods (T) and heights (h) of RBC surface corrugation were calculated for each spectral window according to the isolated profiles of the membrane surface. Results. At a baseline; discocytes and stomatocytes exhibited different structural characteristics of RBC membrane at a spatial range of 600—1200 nm in the form of a higher period of vibration of stomatocytes vs. discocytes. Hypovolemia and subsequent reinfusion of autologous blood affected studied parameters by increasing the period of spatial oscillation both in discocytes and stomatocytes as compared to the initial state. Administration of PF significantly decreased the period of spatial oscillation of the cell membrane both in discocytes and stomatocytes as compared to animal RBCs who underwent hypovolemia and reinfusion without PF administration and baseline parameters. Conclusion. The period of vibration within the range of 600"1200 nm reflecting the state of the bilayer of RBC membrane is not related to the discocyte transformation into the stomatocyte. Data suggest that the PF-induced shortage in vibration within this range was associated with the increased ability of a RBC to deform.Цель работы: оценить влияние перфторана на наноструктуру мембран дискоцитов и стоматоцитов после острой кровопотери. Материалы и методы. Работа выполнена на белых крысах-самцах. Нембутал в дозе 25 мг/кг вводили внутрибрюшинно. Моделью служила острая кровопотеря с последующей гипотензией в течение 60 мин при удержании АД на уровне 40 мм рт. ст. с последующей реинфузией выпущенной крови. Пробы крови из хвостовой артерии брали до кровопотери и через 2 часа после реинфузии. Перфторан (ПФ) в дозе 3 мл/кг массы тела вводили внутриартериально, сразу после возмещения кровопотери. Контролем служили животные без введения ПФ. С помощью атомного силового микроскопа «Femtoscan» исследовали структуру мембран эритроцита в диапазонах с разными пространственными периодами. Выделение диапазонов выполняли с помощью спектральных окон Фурье-преобразований. Для каждого спектрального окна по выделенным профилям поверхности мембраны рассчитывались периоды (Т) и высоты (h) шероховатостей поверхности эритроцита. Результаты. Дискоциты и стоматоциты в исходном состоянии имеют различные структурные характеристики клеточной мембраны эритроцита в пространственном диапазоне 600—1200 нм в виде большего периода колебаний у стоматоцитов по сравнению с дискоцитами. Гиповолемия и последующая реинфузия аутокрови оказывают воздействие на данный показатель, увеличивая период пространственных колебаний как у дискоцитов, так и у стоматоцитов по сравнению с исходным состоянием. Введение ПФ приводит к существенному уменьшению периода пространственных колебаний клеточной мембраны как у дискоцитов, так и у стоматоцитов по сравнению с эритроцитами животных, перенесших гиповолемию и реинфузию без введения ПФ, а также по сравнению с величинами этого показателя в исходном состоянии. Заключение. Величина периода колебаний в пространственном диапазоне 600—1200 нм, отражающего состояние липидного бислоя клеточной мембраны эритроцита, не связана с трансформацией дискоцита в стоматоцит. Высказано предположение о том, что уменьшение периода колебаний в данном пространственном диапазоне при воздействии ПФ сопряжено с увеличением способности эритроцита к деформированию