The Economic Roots of the Cold War: The IMF, ITO and Other Economic Issues in Post-War Soviet-American Relations

In light of newly released archival resources, this article examines the traditional historiography of Soviet-American relations focusing on economic relations at the end of World War II

The Problem of Choosing the Candidate of the New U.S. Ambassador in the USSR in 1941–1942 (According to New Archival Documents)

Introduction. Differences in views with the US Ambassador to the USSR L. Steinhardt and the military situation in the USSR forced the President of the United States F.D. Roosevelt to approach the search for subsequent candidates for the post of ambassador to the USSR in the fall of 1941 more carefully. Methods and materials. The analysis of documents deposited in the Roosevelt Presidential library, memoirs of the ambassadors and their biographies can explain the appointment of Standley to Moscow and to determine his contestants. Analysis. Ambassador Steinhardt left Moscow in early November 1941, but the new ambassador was appointed only on February 13, 1942. The delay was caused both by the controversy surrounding the candidates prinvosed by the President and the reluctance of some of them to accept the prinvosed position. President Roosevelt strove to ensure that this responsible post was occupied by peinvle loyal to him, who fully shared his views on rapprochement with Moscow through unilateral concessions. The State Department opposed candidates who supported this policy. In 1941–1942, the post of the U.S. ambassador to the USSR could have been granted to the Soviet spy A. Stern, famous for his pro-Soviet views General Faymonville, General J. Burns from the Lend-Lease Administration. None of these candidates was supported by the Department of State, and as a result, a compromise figure of Admiral Standley was found to satisfy both sides. Results. The mistrust and disrespect of Roosevelt and the Soviet leadership towards Steinhardt and Standley significantly reduced the effectiveness of interaction between the USA and the USSR in 1941–1943. As a result of confrontation between the President and the Department of State, inexperienced diplomats who occupied an unstable intermediate position between these two poles became US ambassadors to the Soviet Union

Investigation of the Сompetition Effects for Different Types of Anisotropy on the Magnetic Properties of Multilayer Structures

The effect of two competitive types of anisotropy - single-ion and easy-plane anisotropy - in a Co/Cu/Co multilayer magnetic structure has been studied. The simulation was carried out by Monte Carlo methods. The temperature and field behavior is studied for various values of anisotropy parameters.Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ, проект № 20-32-70189, Минобрнауки РФ (соглашение 0741-2020-0002) и гранта МД-2229.2020.2 Президента РФ

Malignant neoplasms of the female reproductive system: dynamics of morbidity and mortality

The article ledeals the dynamics of morbidity and mortality from malignant neoplasms of the female reproductive system in the Republic of Belarus in 2009-2018.В статье рассмотрена динамика заболеваемости и смертности населения от злокачественных новообразований женской репродуктивной системы в Республике Беларусь за 2009-2018 гг

ВЛИЯНИЕ ВНОСИМЫХ В СУБСТРАТ СПОРООБРАЗУЮЩИХ БАКТЕРИЙ РОДА BACILLUS НА КАЧЕСТВО САЛАТА ЛИСТОВОГО (Lactuca sativa L.)

Primal problem of vegetable growing is constant supply of the population with all types of vegetables, including green cultures. Green cultures are vegetables that have high nutritional value and precocity. However they often are infected by phytopathogenic microorganisms already at initial stages of ontogenesis at cultivation in closed soil conditions. It leads to emergence of disjointed shoots, deterioration of growth and development of plants and loss of quality. Now in the Republic of Belarus a number of biological substances on the basis of bacteria Bacillus was developed. They are used against diseases of plants of mushroom and bacterial etiology. However there is not information about influence of bacteria on quality of products of green cultures. The aim of the work was studying of influence of two strains of bacteria Bacillus that were introduced in peat substrate on efficiency and quality of lettuce. Two strains of bacteria Bacillus were used in the work. They were selected from the soil. The strains are Bacillus subtilis M9/6 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 23TM that have high antagonistic activity to a wide range of phytopathogens. Cultivation of plants carried out in containers of 250 ml under light installations with illuminating intensity 13-15 thousand luxury and lasting irradiating of 14 hours before technical ripeness of lettuce. It was established that the application of strain Bacillus subtilis M9/6 (in concentration 106 cells/ml, 10 ml/l of substrate) and the strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 23TM (5 ml/l of substrate) in substrate before sowing increased nutrition value of lettuce. Dry matter content, water-soluble carbohydrates (mono - and disaccharides) content and vitamin C content increased. The bacterial strain B. amyloliquefaciens 23TM also promoted accumulation of vitamin B2. The content of nitrates in lettuce leaves decreased on 50,3% and 39,1%, respectively. It was shown that the application of bacteria in substrate before sowing of crop has a greater influence on quality of lettuce, than watering of shoots.Основной задачей овощеводства является постоянное снабжение населения всеми видами овощей, в том числе зеленными культурами. Зеленные культуры относятся к листостебельным овощам, обладают высокой питательной ценностью и скороспелостью. Однако при выращивании в условиях защищенного грунта они часто поражаются фитопатогенными микроорганизмами уже на начальных этапах онтогенеза, что приводит к появлению недружных всходов, ухудшению роста и развития растений и потере товарного вида. В настоящее время в Республике Беларусь против болезней растений грибной и бактериальной этиологии разработан ряд биологических препаратов на основе бактерий рода Bacillus. Однако практически отсутствует информация о влиянии бактериальных препаратов на качество продукции зеленных культур. Целью работы являлось изучение влияния вносимых в торфяной субстрат двух штаммов бактерий рода Bacillus на продуктивность и качество продукции салата листового. В работе использовали выделенные из почвы штаммы спорообразующих бактерий Bacillus subtilis М9/6 и Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 23ТМ, проявляющие высокую антагонистическую активность к широкому спектру фитопатогенов. Выращивание растений проводили в контейнерах объемом 250 мл под световыми установками с освещенностью 13-15 тыс. люкс и продолжительностью освещения 14 часов до наступления технической спелости салата. Установлено, что внесение в субстрат при его подготовке к посеву бактериального штамма Bacillus subtilis М9/6 в концентрации 106 клеток/мл в объеме 10 мл/л субстрата, а также штамма Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 23ТМ в количестве 5 мл/л субстрата повышало пищевую ценность данной культуры: увеличивалось содержание сухого вещества, водорастворимых углеводов (моно- и дисахаридов), витамина С. Бактериальный штамм B. amyloliquefaciens 23ТМ в том числе способствовал накоплению листьями салата рутина. Наряду с этим содержание нитратов в готовой продукции снижалось на 50,3% и 39,1%, соответственно. Показано, что внесение бактерий изучаемых штаммов в субстрат перед посевом оказывает большее влияние на качество продукции, чем полив всходов

Spectroscopy of low-spin states in 157Dy : Search for evidence of enhanced octupole correlations

CITATION: Majola, S. N. T., et al. 2019. Spectroscopy of low-spin states in 157Dy : Search for evidence of enhanced octupole correlations. Physical Review C, 100(6):034322, doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.100.034322.The original publication is available at https://journals.aps.org/prcLow-spin states of ¹⁵⁷Dy have been studied using the JUROGAM II array, following the ¹⁵⁵Gd (α, 2n) reaction at a beam energy of 25 MeV. The level scheme of ¹⁵⁷Dy has been expanded with four new bands. Rotational structures built on the [523]5/2⁻ and [402]3/2⁺ neutron orbitals constitute new additions to the level scheme as do many of the inter- and intraband transitions. This manuscript also reports the observation of cross I⁺ →(I–1) ⁻ and I⁻ →(I–1)⁺ E1 dipole transitions interlinking structures built on the [523]5/2⁻ (band 5) and [402]3/2⁺ (band 7) neutron orbitals. These interlacing band structures are interpreted as the bands of parity doublets with simplex quantum number s=–i related to possible octupole correlations.https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.100.034322Publisher's versio