84 research outputs found
Optical-microphysical properties of Saharan dust aerosols and composition relationship using a multi-wavelength Raman lidar, in situ sensors and modelling: a case study analysis
A strong Saharan dust event that occurred over the city of Athens, Greece (37.9° N, 23.6° E) between 27 March and 3 April 2009 was followed by a synergy of three instruments: a 6-wavelength Raman lidar, a CIMEL sun-sky radiometer and the MODIS sensor. The BSC-DREAM model was used to forecast the dust event and to simulate the vertical profiles of the aerosol concentration. Due to mixture of dust particles with low clouds during most of the reported period, the dust event could be followed by the lidar only during the cloud-free day of 2 April 2009. The lidar data obtained were used to retrieve the vertical profile of the optical (extinction and backscatter coefficients) properties of aerosols in the troposphere. The aerosol optical depth (AOD) values derived from the CIMEL ranged from 0.33–0.91 (355 nm) to 0.18–0.60 (532 nm), while the lidar ratio (LR) values retrieved from the Raman lidar ranged within 75–100 sr (355 nm) and 45–75 sr (532 nm). Inside a selected dust layer region, between 1.8 and 3.5 km height, mean LR values were 83 ± 7 and 54 ± 7 sr, at 355 and 532 nm, respectively, while the Ångström-backscatter-related (ABR<sub>355/532</sub>) and Ångström-extinction-related (AER<sub>355/532</sub>) were found larger than 1 (1.17 ± 0.08 and 1.11 ± 0.02, respectively), indicating mixing of dust with other particles. Additionally, a retrieval technique representing dust as a mixture of spheres and spheroids was used to derive the mean aerosol microphysical properties (mean and effective radius, number, surface and volume density, and mean refractive index) inside the selected atmospheric layers. Thus, the mean value of the retrieved refractive index was found to be 1.49( ± 0.10) + 0.007( ± 0.007)i, and that of the effective radiuses was 0.30 ± 0.18 μm. The final data set of the aerosol optical and microphysical properties along with the water vapor profiles obtained by Raman lidar were incorporated into the ISORROPIA II model to provide a possible aerosol composition consistent with the retrieved refractive index values. Thus, the inferred chemical properties showed 12–40% of dust content, sulfate composition of 16–60%, and organic carbon content of 15–64%, indicating a possible mixing of dust with haze and smoke. PM<sub>10</sub> concentrations levels, PM<sub>10</sub> composition results and SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray) analysis results on sizes and mineralogy of particles from samples during the Saharan dust transport event were used to evaluate the retrieval
Optical, microphysical, mass and geometrical properties of aged volcanic particles observed over Athens, Greece, during the Eyjafjallajokull eruption in April 2010 through synergy of Raman lidar and sunphotometer measurements
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Aerosol microphysical retrievals from precision filter radiometer direct solar radiation measurements and comparison with AERONET
Synchronized sun-photometric measurements from the AERONET-CIMEL (AErosol RObotic NETwork) and GAW-PFR (Global Atmospheric Watch–Precision Filter Radiometer) aerosol networks are used to compare retrievals of the aerosol optical depth (AOD), effective radius, and volume concentration during a high-temporal-resolution measurement campaign at the Athens site in the Mediterranean Basin from 14 to 22 July 2009. During this period,
direct-sun AOD retrievals from both instruments exhibited small differences in the range 0.01–0.02. The AODs measured with CIMEL and PFR instruments were inverted to retrieve particle microphysical properties using the linear estimation (LE) technique. For low aerosol loads (AOD < 0.2), measurements of the effective radius by the PFR were found to be −20% to +30% different from CIMEL values for both direct-sun data and inversion data. At higher loads
(AOD > 0.4), measurements of the effective radius by the PFR are consistently 20% lower than CIMEL for both direct sun and inversion data. Volume concentrations at low aerosol loads from the PFR are up to 80% higher than the CIMEL for direct-sun data but are up to 20% lower when derived from inversion data under these same conditions. At higher loads, the percentage difference in volume concentrations from the PFR and CIMEL is systematically negative, with inversion data predicting differences 30% lower than those obtained from direct-sun data. An assessment of the effect of errors in the AOD retrieval on the estimation of PFR bulk parameters was performed and demonstrates that it is possible to estimate the particle volume concentration and effective radius with an uncertainty < 65% when AOD < 0.2 and when input errors are as high as 10%
Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel
[EN] Using chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence many aspects of the photosynthetic apparatus can be studied, both in vitro and, noninvasively, in vivo. Complementary techniques can help to interpret changes in the Chl a fluorescence kinetics. Kalaji et al. (Photosynth Res 122: 121-158, 2014a) addressed several questions about instruments, methods and applications based on Chl a fluorescence. Here, additionalChl a fluorescence-related topics are discussed again in a question and answer format. Examples are the effect of connectivity on photochemical quenching, the correction of F-V/F-M values for PSI fluorescence, the energy partitioning concept, the interpretation of the complementary area, probing the donor side of PSII, the assignment of bands of 77 K fluorescence emission spectra to fluorescence emitters, the relationship between prompt and delayed fluorescence, potential problems when sampling tree canopies, the use of fluorescence parameters in QTL studies, the use of Chl a fluorescence in biosensor applications and the application of neural network approaches for the analysis of fluorescence measurements. The answers draw on knowledge fromdifferent Chl a fluorescence analysis domains, yielding in several cases new insights.Kalaji, H.; Schansker, G.; Brestic, M.; Bussotti, F.; Calatayud, A.; Ferroni, L.; Goltsev, V.... (2017). Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel. 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Oxidative deactivation of coal— A promising trend in the suppression of spontaneous mine fires
Spatial Distribution of Doubly Scattered Polarized Laser Radiation in the Focal Plane of a Lidar Receiver
Depolarization lidars are widely used to study clouds and aerosols because of their ability to discriminate
between spherical particles and particles of irregular shape. Depolarization of cloud backscattered
radiation can be caused also by multiple scattering events. One of the ways to gain information about
particle parameters in the presence of strong multiple scattering is the measurement of radial and
azimuthal dependence of the polarization patterns in the focal plane of receiver. We present an algorithm
for the calculation of corresponding polarized patterns in the frame of double scattering approximation.
Computations are performed for various receiver field of views, for different parameters of the scattering
geometry, e.g., cloud base and sounding depth, as well as for different values of cloud particle size and
refractive index. As the spatial distribution of cross-polarized radiation is of cross shape and rotated at
45° with respect to laser polarization, the use of a properly oriented cross-shaped mask in the receiver
focal plane allows the removal of a significant portion of the depolarized component of the backscattered
radiation produced by double scattering. This has been verified experimentally based on cloud depolarization
measurements performed at different orientations of the cross-shaped mask. Results obtained
from measurements are in agreement with model predictions
Numerical Simulation of Light Backscattering by Spheres With Off-Center Inclusion. Application for Lidar Case
A Mie backscattering model for spherical particles with off-center inclusion has been developed and
tested. The program is capable of dealing with size parameter values up to 1000, thus allowing one
to simulate the optical behavior of a large variety of atmospheric aerosols, as well as cloud and precipitation
particles. On the basis of this model, we simulated the optical properties of polydisperse composite
atmospheric particles as observed by ground-based and airborne lidar systems. We have
characterized optical properties in terms of host and inclusion radii, considering water particles with
different composition inclusions. The performed modeling provides some insight into the so-called lidar
bright- and dark-band phenomenon
Synthesis of tridecaprenol WT3C7SCOH and tetrakisnoroctahydro analogs of penta- and hexaprenol
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