МЕТОДОЛОГІЯ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ СИСТЕМИ ГРОМАДСЬКОГО ЗДОРОВ’Я НА РІВНІ ОБ’ЄДНАНИХ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД

Purpose: to develop methodological approaches to the implementation of the public health system at the level of united territorial communities. Materials and Methods. The bibliographic method and the method of structural-logical analysis were used during the research. The system approach constituted the methodological basis of the study. The current legislation of Ukraine and data from scientific publications were used in the research. Results. The generalized tasks and functions of public health at the level of united territorial community are promoting preservation and strengthening of the health of the community population. Areas of this activity are: development of a comprehensive public health program, epidemiological surveillance of health risks, establishing the level of individual health of community members, rehabilitation for people with disabilities and people with chronic diseases, the formation of health-preserving profile of community settlements, communication and social mobilization in the interests of health, prevention of infectious and non-infectious diseases. An algorithm for the implementation and development of the public health system at the level of united territorial communities has been developed, which consists of 12 stages with the study and analysis of the public health situation, development and implementation of a comprehensive inter-sectoral public health program, monitoring and evaluation its implementation, annual reporting to the community on the implementation of a comprehensive inter-sectoral program for the development of the public health system in the community and its adjustment. A public health professional can work in the community in the following positions: public health professional or environmental and health professional. Conclusions. The use of the proposed algorithm will create an effective public health system at the community level to preserve and strengthen health of the community.Мета: розробити методичні підходи до впровадження системи громадського здоров’я на рівні об’єднаних територіальних громад. Матеріали і методи. У ході виконання дослідження використано бібліографічний метод та метод структурно-логічного аналізу. Методичною основою дослідження став системний підхід. Під час проведення дослідження використано чинні законодавчі акти України та дані наукових публікацій. Результати. Узагальненими завданнями та функціями громадського здоров’я на рівні об’єднаних територіальних громад є сприяння збереженню та зміцненню здоров’я населення громади. Напрямками даної діяльності є розробка комплексної програми громадського здоров’я, епіднагляд за ризиками для здоров’я, встановлення рівня індивідуального здоров’я членів громади, відновне лікування для осіб з інвалідністю та осіб з хронічними хворобами, формування здоров’язбережувального профілю населених пунктів громади, комунікація та соціальна мобілізація в інтересах здоров’я, профілактика інфекційних та неінфекційних хвороб. Розроблено алгоритм впровадження та розвитку системи громадського здоров’я на рівні об’єднаних територіальних громад, який складається з 12 етапів з проведенням вивчення та аналізу ситуації щодо громадського здоров’я, розробки та впровадження комплексної міжсекторальної програми громадського здоров’я, моніторингу та оцінки її виконання, щорічного звітування перед громадою про хід виконання комплексної міжсекторальної програми розвитку системи громадського здоров’я в громаді та її корегування. Спеціаліст громадського здоров’я може працювати в громаді на таких посадах: фахівець з громадського здоров’я або фахівець з довкілля та здоров’я. Висновки. Використання запропонованого алгоритму дозволить створити на рівні громад ефективну систему громадського здоров’я зі збереження та зміцнення здоров’я населення громади

Polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) in the human trigeminal ganglion and brainstem at prenatal and adult ages

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The polysialylated neuronal cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) is considered a marker of developing and migrating neurons and of synaptogenesis in the immature vertebrate nervous system. However, it persists in the mature normal brain in some regions which retain a capability for morphofunctional reorganization throughout life. With the aim of providing information relevant to the potential for dynamic changes of specific neuronal populations in man, this study analyses the immunohistochemical occurrence of PSA-NCAM in the human trigeminal ganglion (TG) and brainstem neuronal populations at prenatal and adult age.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Western blot analysis in human and rat hippocampus supports the specificity of the anti-PSA-NCAM antibody and the immunodetectability of the molecule in postmortem tissue. Immunohistochemical staining for PSA-NCAM occurs in TG and several brainstem regions during prenatal life and in adulthood. As a general rule, it appears as a surface staining suggestive of membrane labelling on neuronal perikarya and proximal processes, and as filamentous and dot-like elements in the neuropil. In the TG, PSA-NCAM is localized to neuronal perikarya, nerve fibres, pericellular networks, and satellite and Schwann cells; further, cytoplasmic perikaryal staining and positive pericellular fibre networks are detectable with higher frequency in adult than in newborn tissue. In the adult tissue, positive neurons are mostly small- and medium-sized, and amount to about 6% of the total ganglionic population. In the brainstem, PSA-NCAM is mainly distributed at the level of the medulla oblongata and pons and appears scarce in the mesencephalon. Immunoreactivity also occurs in discretely localized glial structures. At all ages examined, PSA-NCAM occurs in the spinal trigeminal nucleus, solitary nuclear complex, vestibular and cochlear nuclei, reticular formation nuclei, and most of the precerebellar nuclei. In specimens of different age, the distribution pattern remains fairly steady, whereas the density of immunoreactive structures and the staining intensity may change and are usually higher in newborn than in adult specimens.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results obtained show that, in man, the expression of PSA-NCAM in selective populations of central and peripheral neurons occurs not only during prenatal life, but also in adulthood. They support the concept of an involvement of this molecule in the structural and functional neural plasticity throughout life. In particular, the localization of PSA-NCAM in TG primary sensory neurons likely to be involved in the transmission of protopathic stimuli suggests the possible participation of this molecule in the processing of the relevant sensory neurotransmission.</p

Changes of the human gut microbiome induced by a fermented milk product

The gut microbiota (GM) consists of resident commensals and transient microbes conveyed by the diet but little is known about the role of the latter on GM homeostasis. Here we show, by a conjunction of quantitative metagenomics, in silico genome reconstruction and metabolic modeling, that consumption of a fermented milk product containing dairy starters and Bifidobacterium animalis potentiates colonic short chain fatty acids production and decreases abundance of a pathobiont Bilophila wadsworthia compared to a milk product in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS, n = 28). The GM changes parallel improvement of IBS state, suggesting a role of the fermented milk bacteria in gut homeostasis. Our data challenge the view that microbes ingested with food have little impact on the human GM functioning and rather provide support for beneficial health effects

Aromatic Compound-Dependent Brucella suis Is Attenuated in Both Cultured Cells and Mouse Models

The aroC gene of the facultative intracellular pathogen Brucella suis was cloned and sequenced. The cloned aroC gene complements Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium aroC mutants. A B. suis aroC mutant was found to be unable to grow in a defined medium without aromatic compounds. The mutant was highly attenuated in tissue culture (THP1 macrophages and HeLa cells) and murine virulence models

Bone morphogenetic protein 9 induces the transcriptome of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons

Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) participate in processes of learning, memory, and attention. Little is known about the genes expressed by BFCN and the extracellular signals that control their expression. Previous studies showed that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 9 induces and maintains the cholinergic phenotype of embryonic BFCN. We measured gene expression patterns in septal cultures of embryonic day 14 mice and rats grown in the presence or absence of BMP9 by using species-specific microarrays and validated the RNA expression data of selected genes by immunoblot and immunocytochemistry analysis of their protein products. BMP9 enhanced the expression of multiple genes in a time-dependent and, in most cases, reversible manner. The set of BMP9-responsive genes was concordant between mouse and rat and included genes encoding cell-cycle/growth control proteins, transcription factors, signal transduction molecules, extracellular matrix, and adhesion molecules, enzymes, transporters, and chaperonins. BMP9 induced the p75 neurotrophin receptor (NGFR), a marker of BFCN, and Cntf and Serpinf1, two trophic factors for cholinergic neurons, suggesting that BMP9 creates a trophic environment for BFCN. To determine whether the genes induced by BMP9 in culture were constituents of the BFCN transcriptome, we purified BFCN from embryonic day 18 mouse septum by using fluorescence-activated cell sorting of NGFR(+) cells and profiled mRNA expression of these and NGFR(–) cells. Approximately 30% of genes induced by BMP9 in vitro were overexpressed in purified BFCN, indicating that they belong to the BFCN transcriptome in situ and suggesting that BMP signaling contributes to maturation of BFCN in vivo