Fermentation Quality and in Vitro Nutrient Digestibility of Fresh Rice Straw-Based Silage Treated with Lactic Acid Bacteria

The aim of the experiment was to evaluate fermentation characteristics and in vitro nutrient digestibility of fresh rice straw-based silage ensiled with addition of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design, with 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The first factor was the ratio of fresh rice straw (FRS), tofu waste (TW) and cassava waste (CW) consisted of two levels i.e., 40 : 20 : 40 and 40 : 25 : 35, on dry matter (DM) basis). The second factor was the level of LAB inoculant with two levels ie., 0 and 20 mL/kg FM. The treatments were (A) FRS + TW + CW with the ratio of 40 : 20 : 40, without LAB inoculant; (B) FRS + TW + CW with the ratio of 40 : 20 : 40 + LAB inoculant; (C) FRS + TW + CW with the ratio of 40 : 25 : 35, without LAB inoculant; (D) FRS + TW + CW with ratio of 40 : 25 : 35 + LAB inoculant. Results showed that addition of LAB inoculant in silage increased lactic acid concentration (P0.05) on chemical composition, fermentation quality of silage and in vitro digestibility. It was concluded that mixture silage with ratio of 40 : 20 : 40 with the addition of LAB inoculant had the best fermentation quality and nutrient digestibility than other silages

Active shielding of magnetic field with circular space-time characteristic

Aim. The synthesis of two degree of freedom robust two circuit system of active shielding of magnetic field with circular spacetime characteristic, generated by overhead power lines with "triangle" type of phase conductors arrangements for reducing the magnetic flux density to the sanitary standards level and to reducing the sensitivity of the system to plant parameters uncertainty. Methodology. The synthesis is based on the multi-criteria game decision, in which the payoff vector is calculated on the basis of the Maxwell equations quasi-stationary approximation solutions. The game decision is based on the stochastic particles multiswarm optimization algorithms. The initial parameters for the synthesis by system of active shielding are the location of the overhead power lines with respect to the shielding space, geometry and number of shielding coils, operating currents, as well as the size of the shielding space and magnetic flux density normative value, which should be achieved as a result of shielding. The objective of the synthesis is to determine their number, configuration, spatial arrangementand and shielding coils currents, setting algorithm of the control systems as well as the resulting of the magnetic flux density value at the shielding space. Results. Computer simulation and field experimental research results of two degree of freedom robust two circuit system of active shielding of magnetic field, generated by overhead power lines with «triangle» type of phase conductors arrangements are given. The possibility of initial magnetic flux density level reducing and system sensitivity reducing to the plant parameters uncertainty is shown. Originality. For the first time the synthesis, theoretical and experimental research of two degree of freedom robust two -circuit t system of active shielding of magnetic field generated by single-circuit overhead power line with phase conductors triangular arrangements carried out. Practical value. Practical recommendations from the point of view of the practical implementation on reasonable choice of the spatial arrangement of two shielding coils of robust two -circuit system of active shielding of the magnetic field with circular space-time characteristic generated by single-circuit overhead power line with phase conductors triangular arrangements are given.Цель. Синтез комбинированной робастной двухконтурной системы активного экранирования магнитного поля с круговой пространственно-временной характеристикой, генерируемого одноконтурной воздушной линией электропередачи с треугольным подвесом проводов для снижения индукции магнитного поля до уровня санитарных норм и для снижения чувствительности системы к неопределенности параметров объекта управления. Методология. Синтез основан на решении многокритериальной стохастической игры, в которой векторный выигрыш вычисляется на основании решений уравнений Максвелла в квазистационарном приближении. Решение игры находится на основе алгоритмов стохастической мультиагентной оптимизации мультироем частиц. Исходными параметрами для синтеза системы активного экранирования являются расположение высоковольтной линий электропередачи по отношению к экранируемому пространству, геометрические размеры, количество проводов и рабочие токи линии электропередачи, а также размеры экранируемого пространства и нормативное значение индукции магнитного поля, которое должно быть достигнуто в результате экранирования. Задачей синтеза является определение количества, конфигурации, пространственного расположения и токов экранирующих обмоток, алгоритма работы системы управления, а также результирующего значения индукции магнитного поля в экранируемом пространстве. Результаты. Приводятся результаты теоретических и полевых экспериментальных исследований комбинированной робастной двухконтурной системы активного экранирования магнитного поля, генерируемого воздушной линией электропередачи с треугольным подвесом проводов. Показана возможность снижения уровня индукции исходного магнитного поля внутри экранируемого пространства и снижения чувствительности системы к неопределенностям параметров объекта управления. Оригинальность. Впервые проведены синтез, теоретические и экспериментальные исследования комбинированной робастной двухконтурной системы активного экранирования магнитного поля, генерируемого одноконтурной воздушной линией электропередачи с треугольным подвесом проводов. Практическая ценность. Приводятся практические рекомендации по обоснованному выбору с точки зрения практической реализации пространственного расположения двух экранирующих обмоток двухконтурной робастной системы активного экранирования магнитного поля с круговой пространственно-временной характеристикой, создаваемого одноконтурной воздушной линией электропередачи с треугольным подвесом проводов

Video framerate, resolution and grayscale tradeoffs for undersea telemanipulator

The product of Frame Rate (F) in frames per second, Resolution (R) in total pixels and grayscale in bits (G) equals the transmission band rate in bits per second. Thus for a fixed channel capacity there are tradeoffs between F, R and G in the actual sampling of the picture for a particular manual control task in the present case remote undersea manipulation. A manipulator was used in the MASTER/SLAVE mode to study these tradeoffs. Images were systematically degraded from 28 frames per second, 128 x 128 pixels and 16 levels (4 bits) grayscale, with various FRG combinations constructed from a real-time digitized (charge-injection) video camera. It was found that frame rate, resolution and grayscale could be independently reduced without preventing the operator from accomplishing his/her task. Threshold points were found beyond which degradation would prevent any successful performance. A general conclusion is that a well trained operator can perform familiar remote manipulator tasks with a considerably degrade picture, down to 50 K bits/ sec

^1S_0 pairing correlations in relativistic nuclear matter and the two-nucleon virtual state

We use the Gorkov formulation of the Dirac-Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approximation to nuclear pairing to study the ^1S_0 nucleon-nucleon correlations in nuclear matter. We find the short-range correlations of the ^1S_0 pairing fields to be almost identical to those of the two-nucleon virtual state. We obtain mutually consistent results for the pairing fields, using several different sets of effective interaction parameters, when we demand that each of these sets places the virtual-state pole at its physical location.Comment: 11 pages, 9 PostScript figures, RevTex, submitted to Phys. Rev.

Michel parameters in radiative muon decay

Radiative muon and tau lepton decays are described within the model-independent approach with the help of generalized Michel parameters. The exact dependence on charged lepton masses is taken into account. The results are relevant for modern and future experiments on muon and tau lepton decays.Comment: 10 pages, typos are corrected, references are update

On the energetic origin of self-limiting trenches formed around Ge/Si quantum dots

At high growth temperatures, the misfit strain at the boundary of Ge quantum dots on Si(001) is relieved by formation of trenches around the base of the islands. The depth of the trenches has been observed to saturate at a level that depends on the base-width of the islands. Using finite element simulations, we show that the self-limiting nature of trench depth is due to a competition between the elastic relaxation energy gained by the formation of the trench and the surface energy cost for creating the trench. Our simulations predict a linear increase of the trench depth with the island radius, in quantitative agreement with the experimental observations of Drucker and coworkers