Study of the electrodes length influence on the trajectories of water droplets dispersed in oil and affected by non-uniform electric field

The paper presents the results of numerical modelling of the processes accompanying movement of drop viscous media (water) in oil under the influence of exterior forces of the electric and dynamic nature. Systematic calculations of influence on the electric field heterogeneity drops, created by a symmetric and asymmetrical configuration of electrodes are carried out both in inter electrode and behind electrode areas taking into account a complex operation of dielectrophoresis forces, buoyancies and drag, as well as the variability of electrode sizes. The analysis of drop movement trajectories shows that the asymmetrical configuration of electrodes can be applied for an electro-coalescence intensification of water-in-oil emulsion. Correctness of calculations of the mathematical model and numerical methods are confirmed by good results if compared with the available data of the other authors

Effect of the metal-support interaction in Ag/CeO2 catalysts on their activity in ethanol oxidation

The interaction of silver with the surface of CeO2 in the Ag/CeO2 catalysts prepared by coprecipitation and impregnation techniques was studied by temperature-programmed reduction, X-ray diffraction, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. It was shown that coprecipitation technique led to formation of strong silver–support interaction and the epitaxy of silver particles (d111 = 2.35 Å) on the surface of CeO2 (d111 = 3.1 Å). This provided incresed catalytic activity in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol at relatively low temperatures (a 15% conversion of ethanol with 100% selectivity for the formation of acetaldehyde was reached at 85°C). Above 130°C, the deep oxidation of ethanol to CO2 becomes the predominant direction of a catalytic reaction, and the Ag/CеО2 catalyst obtained by impregnation technique was most active in this region as a consequence of the weaker metal–support interaction

Stages of Filamentary Carbon Growth from Hydrocarbons on Nickelcontaining Catalysts and Causes of their Deactivation

Methane decomposition to carbon and hydrogen has been studied using the Ni/Al2O3, Ni-Cu/Al2O3 and Ni-Cu/MgO catalysts at 550 °C. The S-shaped kinetic curves of carbon formation from methane exhibit the following periods: induction, acceleration, stationary state and deactivation. The induction period is characterized by oversaturation of metal or alloy particles with carbon atoms and predominant formation of the graphite phase at the (111) faces of the catalyst particles. After formation of the graphite crystallization centers, the acceleration period is accompanied by the growth of graphite filaments and simultaneous reconstruction of the metal particles. After termination of the above processes, the carbon deposition rate becomes constant. Deactivation of the catalyst is caused by blocking of the front side of the metal particle with a carbon film. When the reaction temperature increases to 700 °C, deactivation of the nickel-containing catalyst follows a different mechanism. During the growth of the filamentary carbon, the metal particle becomes viscous-flowing. This fact allows for its partial capturing by the inner filament channel. As a result, the formed carbon filament has an internal channel filled either with metal or its alloy. Hydrogen addition to methane leads a decrease in the carbon formation rate on the catalyst and a change in the filamentary carbon morphology: now it contains a hollow channel

Salário de trabalhadores agrícolas: controle e aspecto analítico

The issues of organizing the accounting of payments with staff on wages at agricultural organizations, providing reliable and timely information to managers when making management decisions, deserve special attention because the interest of employees in the quality performance of their work depends on the policy in the field of labor payment Yes. The rational organization of formation of information on settlements with workers and employees and an effective personnel policy is one of the objects of internal control of the organization. Formed information in the accounting system on the debt of the economic entity to its employees must be reliable since it is not only the basis for making managerial decisions but also enters into the array of analytical data of the Federal State Statistics Service. The article analyzes the current state of wages of agricultural workers. The analysis of nominal and real wages of workers in Russia as a whole for the last six years has been carried out. The specifics of wage formation in the agricultural sector are revealed: its features and shortcomings. As an improvement of the forms and systems of payment for agricultural workers, a transition to a grader form of payment is recommended. The stages of the introduction of a grader system into an agrarian enterprise are shown, as well as the algorithm for calculating wages according to the new scheme. To prevent possible mistakes in the calculations with agricultural workers in the transition to new wage systems, it is recommended to tighten the functions of internal control. For this purpose, the authors developed a program for internal control of payments with personnel for remuneration based on the criteria for assessing accounting reports and the sectoral specifics of agriculture. The article is of a practical-oriented nature and will be useful not only for students in the field of Economics but also for heads of structural units, practicing accountants, auditors.Los temas relacionados con la organización de la contabilidad de pagos con el personal sobre salarios en las organizaciones agrícolas, el suministro de información confiable y oportuna a los gerentes al tomar decisiones de gestión, merecen especial atención porque el interés de los empleados en el desempeño de la calidad de su trabajo depende de la política en el campo de pago de mano de obra. El artículo analiza el estado actual de los salarios de los trabajadores agrícolas. Se ha llevado a cabo el análisis de los salarios nominales y reales de los trabajadores en el conjunto de Rusia durante los últimos seis años. Se revelan los aspectos específicos de la formación salarial en el sector agrícola: sus características y defectos. Como una mejora de las formas y sistemas de pago para los trabajadores agrícolas, se recomienda una transición a una forma de pago de grado. Se muestran las etapas de la introducción de un sistema de grado en una empresa agraria, así como el algoritmo para calcular los salarios de acuerdo con el nuevo esquema. Para evitar posibles errores en los cálculos con trabajadores agrícolas en la transición a nuevos sistemas salariales, se recomienda reforzar las funciones de control interno. Para este propósito, los autores desarrollaron un programa para el control interno de pagos con personal por remuneración basado en los criterios para evaluar los informes contables y los aspectos específicos del sector de la agricultura. El artículo es de naturaleza práctica y será útil no solo para estudiantes en el campo de Economía, sino también para jefes de unidades estructurales, contadores en ejercicio y auditores.As questões relacionadas à organização da contabilização de pagamentos com o pessoal sobre salários nas organizações agrícolas, o fornecimento de informações confiáveis e oportunas aos gestores na tomada de decisões gerenciais, merecem especial atenção, pois o interesse dos empregados na realização de ações A qualidade de seu trabalho depende da política no campo do pagamento de mão-de-obra, que analisa o estado atual dos salários dos trabalhadores rurais. A análise dos salários nominais e reais dos trabalhadores em toda a Rússia durante os últimos seis anos foi realizada. Os aspectos específicos da formação salarial no setor agrícola são revelados: suas características e defeitos. Como uma melhoria das formas e sistemas de pagamento para trabalhadores agrícolas, uma transição para uma forma de pagamento de grau é recomendada. As etapas da introdução de um sistema de graduação em uma empresa agrária são mostradas, bem como o algoritmo para calcular os salários de acordo com o novo esquema. Para evitar possíveis erros nos cálculos com trabalhadores agrícolas na transição para novos sistemas salariais, recomenda-se reforçar as funções de controle interno. Para isso, os autores desenvolveram um programa para o controle interno de pagamentos com pessoal remunerado com base nos critérios de avaliação dos relatórios contábeis e aspectos específicos do setor agrícola. O artigo é de natureza prática e será útil não só para estudantes no campo da Economia, mas também para chefes de unidades estruturais, contadores na prática e auditores

Study of the electrodes length influence on the trajectories of water droplets dispersed in oil and affected by non-uniform electric field

The paper presents the results of numerical modelling of the processes accompanying movement of drop viscous media (water) in oil under the influence of exterior forces of the electric and dynamic nature. Systematic calculations of influence on the electric field heterogeneity drops, created by a symmetric and asymmetrical configuration of electrodes are carried out both in inter electrode and behind electrode areas taking into account a complex operation of dielectrophoresis forces, buoyancies and drag, as well as the variability of electrode sizes. The analysis of drop movement trajectories shows that the asymmetrical configuration of electrodes can be applied for an electro-coalescence intensification of water-in-oil emulsion. Correctness of calculations of the mathematical model and numerical methods are confirmed by good results if compared with the available data of the other authors

Pd/C catalysts based on synthetic carbons with bi- and tri-modal pore-size distribution: Applications in flow chemistry

Synthetic carbons with hierarchical mesopores are promising for developing new catalysts for intensified continuous-flow catalysis in structured reactors.Financial support from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (Engineering Functional Materials, EP/C519736/1), the Overseas Research Students Awards Scheme and the University of Bath Research Studentship is gratefully acknowledged. The assistance of Dr Martin Jennings Dr. Chris Muryn (School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester) on ICP-OES and XPS analyses is acknowledged. KW acknowledges the Royal Society for the award of an Industry Fellowship.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from RSC via http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5CY01401

Pd/C catalysts based on synthetic carbons with bi- and tri-modal pore-size distribution: applications in flow chemistry

Two new types of phenolic resin-derived synthetic carbons with bi-modal and tri-modal pore-size distributions were used as supports for Pd catalysts. The catalysts were tested in chemoselective hydrogenation and hydrodehalogenation reactions in a compact multichannel flow reactor. Bi-modal and tri-modal micro-mesoporous structures of the synthetic carbons were characterised by N2 adsorption. HR-TEM, PXRD and XPS analyses were performed for characterising the synthesised catalysts. N2 adsorption revealed that tri-modal synthetic carbon possesses a well-developed hierarchical mesoporous structure (with 6.5 nm and 42 nm pores), contributing to a larger mesopore volume than the bi-modal carbon (1.57 cm3 g–1 versus 1.23 cm3 g–1). It was found that the tri-modal carbon promotes a better size distribution of Pd nanoparticles than the bi-modal carbon due to presence of hierarchical mesopore limitting the growth of Pd nanoparticles. For all the model reactions investigated, the Pd catalyst based on tri-modal synthetic carbon (Pd/triC) show high activity as well as high stability and reproducibility. The trend in reactivities of different functional groups over the Pd/triC catalyst follows a general order alkyne >> nitro > bromo >> aldehyde.Financial support from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (Engineering Functional Materials, EP/C519736/1), the Overseas Research Students Awards Scheme and the University of Bath Research Studentship is gratefully acknowledged. The assistance of Dr Martin Jennings Dr. Chris Muryn (School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester) on ICP-OES and XPS analyses is acknowledged. KW acknowledges the Royal Society for the award of an Industry Fellowship.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from RSC via http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5CY01401

Pt and Pd supported on glass fibers as effective combustion catalysts

Pd and Pt supported on glass fiber materials with developed porosity and high sp. surface areas were studied in total propane oxidn. The reaction was carried out in recycling reactor and the kinetic parameters were detd. under different reaction conditions in the temp. range 200-500 DegC. Pt catalysts were seen to be more active than Pd for the same metal loading on identical support. Catalytic activity was seen to depend on support compn. The highest activity was obsd. on Pt supported on glass fiber modified by titania, demonstrating the ignition temps. around 200 DegC. The catalyst surface morphol. and surface dispersion of active metal were characterized by high-resoln. electron microscopy. [on SciFinder (R)

Investigating the influence of silver state on electronic properties of Ag/Ag2O/TiO2 heterojunctions prepared by photodeposition

Two series of Ag-TiO2 photocatalysts were prepared with the use of photodeposition method with variation of the irradiation time and precursor concentration. The obtained photocatalysts were studied by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, HR TEM, UV–vis spectroscopy, and low-temperature N2 adsorption/desorption method. It has been consequently found that the optical properties of the resulting catalysts differ significantly: the positions of surface plasmon resonance peaks red-shifted with the increase in precursor concentration. At the same time, optical absorption of the samples increases with both precursor concentration and irradiation time. Photocatalytic activity for the obtained catalysts was evaluated in decolorization of Rhodamine B with the use of Xe arc lamp (250 W) with and without λ >420 nm light filter. Radical trap experiments have shown that the amount of both superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals increased in full spectrum of the lamp, with the latter being absent in the reaction mixture during visible light photocatalysis. Comparison of different Ag-TiO2 catalysts has also been made, with 1-Ag-90 min sample being the most active in full spectrum, and 3-Ag-90 min demonstrating the highest conversion in visible light attributed to the increased generation of superoxide species on the surface of Ag clusters. Controversially, 1-Ag-45 min sample showed the lowest activity in full spectrum being surpassed even by unmodified TiO2, but reached the highest rate constant value in visible light. This effect can be related to advanced electronic interaction between Ag plasmonic nanoparticles and titania support in the presence of sensitizer compound, and the formation of Ag/Ag2O composite system on the surface of titania. Influence of the state of silver on photocatalytic activity and mechanism details is discussed with special attention to irradiation wavelengths

Structural Changes of Mo/ZSM-5 Catalysts During the Methane Dehydroaromatization

The structure changes of Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts with different Mo content (2 and 10 wt. % Mo) and Si/Al atomic ratio (17, 30 and 45) during the methane dehydroaromatization have been investigated by X-ray powder diffractometry, N2 adsorption and transmission electron microscopy. The treatment of Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts in reducing atmosphere (CH4 or H2) at about 700 oC promotes development of mesoporous system. The pores are open to the exterior of the zeolite grain and have an entrance diameter of ~ 4-10 nm. It is proposed that mesopore formation in Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst is connected with the dealumination of zeolite. The mesopore formation in the parent H-ZSM-5 zeolite by NaOH treatment does not improve the activity of /ZSM-5 catalyst