Morphometric Analysis of Enteric Lesions in C3H/HeN Mice Inoculated with \u3ci\u3eSerpulina hyodysenteriae\u3c/i\u3e Serotypes 2 and 4 with or without Oral Streptomycin Pretreatment

The segmental distribution and sequential progression and the role of the indigenous bacterial flora in the development of enteric lesions associated with Serpulina hyodysenteriae infection in laboratory mice have not been defined. We examined the distribution and sequential morphometric changes in the large intestine of mice orally inoculated with S. hyodysenteriae serotypes 2 and 4. To determine the role of colonization resistance conferred by the indigenous bacterial flora, 40 female C3H/HeN mice were administered water alone or water containing 5 mg/mL streptomycin sulfate ad libitum for seven days prior to orogastric inoculation either with S. hyodysenteriae or sterile trypticase soy broth (TSB). Clinical signs were monitored daily and three mice per group were necropsied on postinoculation days (PID) 7 and 14 for pathological assessment of the cecum, proximal colon, transverse colon, and descending colon, and bacteriological culture of the cecum for S. hyodysenteriae. Weekly pooled fecal samples were collected from each group for determination of total numbers of anaerobe bacteria. Gross examination revealed soft fecal pellets on PID 7 and 14 and catarrhal typhlitis on PID 14, irrespective of streptomycin pretreatment. The recovery rates of S. hyodysenteriae from the ceca of serotype 2- and serotype 4-inoculated mice was 100 and 91.7%, respectively. Statistically significant differences in morphometric changes between TSB- and S. hyodysenteriae- inoculated mice were present on PID 7 and 14 and were restricted to the cecum. Although oral administration of streptomycin for seven days prior to S. hyodysenteriae inoculation resulted in a significant reduction in the numbers of fecal anaerobes, it did not affect the colonization, distribution, severity, or progression of cecal lesions. La distribution segmentaire, la progression sequentielle et le role de la flore bacterienne indigene dans le developpement des lesions enteriques associees \u27a une infection par Serpulina hyodysenteriae chez des souris de laboratoire ne sont toujours pas connus. Nous avons etudie la distribution et les changements morphometriques sequentiels du gros intestin de souris inoculees oralement avec S. hyodysenteriae serotypes 2 et 4. Afin d\u27evaluer le role de la flore bacterienne indigene dans la resistance a la colonisation, 40 souris femelles C3H/HeN ont requ de l\u27eau uniquement ou de l\u27eau contenant 5 mg/mL de streptomycine ad libidum pendant sept jours avant d\u27etre inoculees par voie orogastrique avec S. hyodysenteriae ou un bouillon sterile. Les signes cliniques ont ete notes a chaque jour et trois souris de chacun des groupes ont ete necropsiees aux jours 7 et 14 post-inoculation (PI) pour examen du caecum, du colon proximal, du c\u27lon transverse et du colon descendant et pour culture bacterienne du caecum. Des pools de feces ont ete obtenus a chaque semaine pour determiner le nombre total de bacteries anaerobies. L\u27examen macroscopique a revele la presence de feces molles aux jours 7 et 14 PI et d\u27une typhlite catarrhale au jour 14 PI, que les animaux aient requ ou non de la streptomycine. S. hyodysenteriae serotype 2 et serotype 4 a etet reisole\u27 respectivement de 100 et 91,7 % des caeca des souris inoculees. Des differences statistiquement significatives de changements morphometriques ont ete observees aux jours 7 et 14 PI entre les souris inoculees avec un bouillon sterile et celles ayant recu S. hyodysenteriae et ce, uniquement dans le caecum. Bien que l\u27administration orale de streptomycine ait reduit de facon significative le nombre d\u27anaerobes fecaux, elle n\u27a pas affecte la colonisation, la distribution, la severite ou la progression des lesions. (Traduit par Dre Christiane Girard

Morphometric Analysis of Enteric Lesions in C3H/HeN Mice Inoculated with \u3ci\u3eSerpulina hyodysenteriae\u3c/i\u3e Serotypes 2 and 4 with or without Oral Streptomycin Pretreatment

The segmental distribution and sequential progression and the role of the indigenous bacterial flora in the development of enteric lesions associated with Serpulina hyodysenteriae infection in laboratory mice have not been defined. We examined the distribution and sequential morphometric changes in the large intestine of mice orally inoculated with S. hyodysenteriae serotypes 2 and 4. To determine the role of colonization resistance conferred by the indigenous bacterial flora, 40 female C3H/HeN mice were administered water alone or water containing 5 mg/mL streptomycin sulfate ad libitum for seven days prior to orogastric inoculation either with S. hyodysenteriae or sterile trypticase soy broth (TSB). Clinical signs were monitored daily and three mice per group were necropsied on postinoculation days (PID) 7 and 14 for pathological assessment of the cecum, proximal colon, transverse colon, and descending colon, and bacteriological culture of the cecum for S. hyodysenteriae. Weekly pooled fecal samples were collected from each group for determination of total numbers of anaerobe bacteria. Gross examination revealed soft fecal pellets on PID 7 and 14 and catarrhal typhlitis on PID 14, irrespective of streptomycin pretreatment. The recovery rates of S. hyodysenteriae from the ceca of serotype 2- and serotype 4-inoculated mice was 100 and 91.7%, respectively. Statistically significant differences in morphometric changes between TSB- and S. hyodysenteriae- inoculated mice were present on PID 7 and 14 and were restricted to the cecum. Although oral administration of streptomycin for seven days prior to S. hyodysenteriae inoculation resulted in a significant reduction in the numbers of fecal anaerobes, it did not affect the colonization, distribution, severity, or progression of cecal lesions. La distribution segmentaire, la progression sequentielle et le role de la flore bacterienne indigene dans le developpement des lesions enteriques associees \u27a une infection par Serpulina hyodysenteriae chez des souris de laboratoire ne sont toujours pas connus. Nous avons etudie la distribution et les changements morphometriques sequentiels du gros intestin de souris inoculees oralement avec S. hyodysenteriae serotypes 2 et 4. Afin d\u27evaluer le role de la flore bacterienne indigene dans la resistance a la colonisation, 40 souris femelles C3H/HeN ont requ de l\u27eau uniquement ou de l\u27eau contenant 5 mg/mL de streptomycine ad libidum pendant sept jours avant d\u27etre inoculees par voie orogastrique avec S. hyodysenteriae ou un bouillon sterile. Les signes cliniques ont ete notes a chaque jour et trois souris de chacun des groupes ont ete necropsiees aux jours 7 et 14 post-inoculation (PI) pour examen du caecum, du colon proximal, du c\u27lon transverse et du colon descendant et pour culture bacterienne du caecum. Des pools de feces ont ete obtenus a chaque semaine pour determiner le nombre total de bacteries anaerobies. L\u27examen macroscopique a revele la presence de feces molles aux jours 7 et 14 PI et d\u27une typhlite catarrhale au jour 14 PI, que les animaux aient requ ou non de la streptomycine. S. hyodysenteriae serotype 2 et serotype 4 a etet reisole\u27 respectivement de 100 et 91,7 % des caeca des souris inoculees. Des differences statistiquement significatives de changements morphometriques ont ete observees aux jours 7 et 14 PI entre les souris inoculees avec un bouillon sterile et celles ayant recu S. hyodysenteriae et ce, uniquement dans le caecum. Bien que l\u27administration orale de streptomycine ait reduit de facon significative le nombre d\u27anaerobes fecaux, elle n\u27a pas affecte la colonisation, la distribution, la severite ou la progression des lesions. (Traduit par Dre Christiane Girard

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, linear dose, crossover study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a green coffee bean extract in overweight subjects

Abstract Backgroun

Fungi originating from tree leaves contribute to fungal diversity of litter in streams

Biomass production and decomposition are key processes in ecology, where plants are primarily responsible for production and microbes act in decomposition. Trees harbor foliar microfungi living on and inside leaf tissues, epiphytes, and endophytes, respectively. Early researchers hypothesized that all fungal endophytes are parasites or latent saprophytes, which slowly colonize the leaf tissues for decomposition. While this has been proven for some strains in the terrestrial environment, it is not known whether foliar microfungi from terrestrial origin can survive or perform decomposition in the aquatic environment. On the other hand, aquatic hyphomycetes, fungi which decompose organic material in stream environments, have been suggested to have a plant-associated life phase. Our aim was to study how much the fungal communities of leaves and litter submerged in streams overlap. Ergosterol content on litter, which is an estimator of fungal biomass, was 5–14 times higher in submerged litter than in senescent leaves, indicating active fungal colonization. Leaves generally harbored a different microbiome prior to than after submergence in streams. The Chao1 richness was significantly higher (93.7 vs. 60.7, p = 0.004) and there were more observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (78.3 vs. 47.4, p = 0.004) in senescent leaves than in stream-immersed litter. There were more Leotiomycetes (9%, p = 0.014) in the litter. We identified a group of 35 fungi (65%) with both plant- and water-associated lifestyles. Of these, eight taxa had no previous references to water, such as lichenicolous fungi. Six OTUs were classified within Glomeromycota, known as obligate root symbionts with no previous records from leaves. Five members of Basidiomycota, which are rare in aquatic environments, were identified in the stream-immersed litter only. Overall, our study demonstrates that foliar microfungi contribute to fungal diversity in submerged litter

Atypical presentation of Niemann-Pick disease

Niemann-Pick (NP) disease is a distinct disorder with specific clinical and morphological manifestations. We report a 2-year-oldgirl who presented with normal development, acute onset of pallor, lethargy, and massive splenomegaly, which made us to think ofhemolytic anemia as the initial diagnosis. Her bone marrow done, after initial hematological work up being normal, showed NP cells.As the child did not have any neurological abnormality, she was diagnosed as NP Type B (NPD-B) storage disease. We report it as atypical presentation of NPD-B

Deciding Reachability for Piecewise Constant Derivative Systems on Orientable Manifolds

© 2019 Springer-Verlag. This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of a paper published in Reachability Problems: 13th International Conference, RP 2019, Brussels, Belgium, September 11–13, 2019, Proceedings. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30806-3_14A hybrid automaton is a finite state machine combined with some k real-valued continuous variables, where k determines the number of the automaton dimensions. This formalism is widely used for modelling safety-critical systems, and verification tasks for such systems can often be expressed as the reachability problem for hybrid automata. Asarin, Mysore, Pnueli and Schneider defined classes of hybrid automata lying on the boundary between decidability and undecidability in their seminal paper ‘Low dimensional hybrid systems - decidable, undecidable, don’t know’ [9]. They proved that certain decidable classes become undecidable when given a little additional computational power, and showed that the reachability question remains unsolved for some 2-dimensional systems. Piecewise Constant Derivative Systems on 2-dimensional manifolds (or PCD2m) constitute a class of hybrid automata for which decidability of the reachability problem is unknown. In this paper we show that the reachability problem becomes decidable for PCD2m if we slightly limit their dynamics, and thus we partially answer the open question of Asarin, Mysore, Pnueli and Schneider posed in [9]

Nicotianamine Synthase 2 Is Required for Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Medicago truncatula Nodules

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation carried out by the interaction between legumes and diazotrophic bacteria known as rhizobia requires relatively large levels of transition metals. These elements are cofactors of many key enzymes involved in this process. Metallic micronutrients are obtained from soil by the roots and directed to sink organs by the vasculature, in a process mediated by a number of metal transporters and small organic molecules that facilitate metal delivery in the plant fluids. Among the later, nicotianamine is one of the most important. Synthesized by nicotianamine synthases (NAS), this molecule forms metal complexes participating in intracellular metal homeostasis and long-distance metal trafficking. Here we characterized the NAS2 gene from model legume Medicago truncatula. MtNAS2 is located in the root vasculature and in all nodule tissues in the infection and fixation zones. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation requires of MtNAS2 function, as indicated by the loss of nitrogenase activity in the insertional mutant nas2-1, phenotype reverted by reintroduction of a wild-type copy of MtNAS2. This would result from the altered iron distribution in nas2-1 nodules shown with X-ray fluorescence. Moreover, iron speciation is also affected in these nodules. These data suggest a role of nicotianamine in iron delivery for symbiotic nitrogen fixation

Isolation and fine mapping of Rps6: An intermediate host resistance gene in barley to wheat stripe rust

A plant may be considered a nonhost of a pathogen if all known genotypes of a plant species are resistant to all known isolates of a pathogen species. However, if a small number of genotypes are susceptible to some known isolates of a pathogen species this plant maybe considered an intermediate host. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is an intermediate host for Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the causal agent of wheat stripe rust. We wanted to understand the genetic architecture underlying resistance to Pst and to determine whether any overlap exists with resistance to the host pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei (Psh). We mapped Pst resistance to chromosome 7H and show that host and intermediate host resistance is genetically uncoupled. Therefore, we designate this resistance locus Rps6. We used phenotypic and genotypic selection on F2:3 families to isolate Rps6 and fine mapped the locus to a 0.1 cM region. Anchoring of the Rps6 locus to the barley physical map placed the region on two adjacent fingerprinted contigs. Efforts are now underway to sequence the minimal tiling path and to delimit the physical region harbouring Rps6. This will facilitate additional marker development and permit identification of candidate genes in the region

High resolution synteny maps allowing direct comparisons between the coffee and tomato genomes

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and coffee (Coffea canephora) belong to the sister families Solanaceae and Rubiaceae, respectively. We report herein the mapping of a common set of 257 Conserved Ortholog Set II genes in the genomes of both species. The mapped markers are well distributed across both genomes allowing the first syntenic comparison between species from these two families. The majority (75%) of the synteny blocks are short (<4 cM); however, some extend up to 50 cM. In an effort to further characterize the synteny between these two genomes, we took advantage of the available sequence for the tomato genome to show that tomato chromosome 7 is syntenic to half of the two coffee linkage groups E and F with the putative break point in tomato localized to the boundary of the heterochromatin and euchromatin on the long arm. In addition to the new insight on genome conservation and evolution between the plant families Solanaceae and Rubiaceae, the comparative maps presented herein provide a translational tool by which coffee researchers may take benefit of DNA sequence and genetic information from tomato and vice versa. It is thus expected that these comparative genome information will help to facilitate and expedite genetic and genomic research in coffee