Alcohol y campaniforme

Los recientes hallazgos de cerveza en recipientes neolíticos y campaniformes ofrecen una nueva base empírica sobre la que replantear ciertas hipótesis. El panorama que dibuja la documentación actual impide que aceptemos sin crítica planteamientos que, como los de Andrew Sherratt, suponen el marco de referencia para la interpretación del alcohol en la Prehistoria Reciente europea. Se plantea una vía indígena occidental para la elaboración de alcoholes y se pone en duda el gran valor que se ha asignado a la cerveza en momentos campaniformes

El sistema tributario y la financiación de la Iglesia en España

El presente trabajo analiza los cambios que ha experimentado la posición de la Iglesia ante el sistema tributario desde la aprobación del Acuerdo sobre Asuntos Económicos de 3 de enero de 1979 hasta las recientes modificaciones introducidas en el modelo de financiación religiosa. El Acuerdo establece una serie de beneficios fiscales que conforman lo que habitualmente se conoce como 'financiación indirecta' de la Iglesia. Su vigencia se mantiene en los términos que en su momento acordaron el Estado y la Santa Sede, con las lógicas adaptaciones a la nueva realidad del sistema tributario. Esta circunstancia explica que la mayoría de las previsiones del Acuerdo deban referirse a otras figuras, que ciertas referencias hayan devenido inaplicables y, en fin, que algunos beneficios resulten incompatibles con el Derecho Comunitario, una realidad jurídica a la que era ajeno el ordenamiento español en el momento en que se firmó el Acuerdo. ------ The current work examines tax regime modifications the Catholic Church in Spain has experienced, since the passing of the 'Agreement on Economic Affairs', signed in 1979, up until the recent changes in the Spanish public financial model. The 1979 'Agreement on Economic Affairs' established certain tax benefits in favour of the Church, also usually known as 'indirect financing'. These benefits largely retain their relevance established in 1979 when they were agreed upon between the Spanish Government and the Holy See, but there has been a necessity to adapt them to the new reality of the current tax system. These circumstances explain the fact that today most of the benefit provisions have had to be referred to under different tax categories, while other tax references have become completely inapplicable; and still more benefits have had to be repealed because they were not allowed under European Community Law, a legal reality that had no relevance at the time the Agreement was signed

Spanish Research Report for 1992

7 páginas, 11 tablasPeer reviewe

Lime amendment effects on physico-chemical and chemical fluctuations of flooded soils

Rice growth in wetlands or paddy soils is economically important in Latin America.Lime amendment is becoming a conventional practice for rice production in this area. A field study was conducted to compare changes induced by liming paddy soils in Corrientes (Argentina). Three different treatments were considered: a control plot, with no lime addition, and two amended plots with 625 kg/ha and 1250 kg/ha rates of dolomite application. Before flooding and at two week intervals during ten weeks after flooding, the following soil physico-chemical and chemical parameters were measured in each of the treatments: Eh, pH, NH 4+-N, extractable Mn and Fe and P. In all the three treatments two weeks after flooding a sharply Eh fall and simultaneously a sharply pH rise was observed. Lime addition showed a clear trend to lower Eh values, all over the waterlogging study period. However, the initial differences in pH between the control plot and plots amended with dolomite vanished at the end of the ten weeks experience. Before flooding, high NH4+-N differences between treatments were also observed. In the control plot, the trend during anaerobiosis was to increase the low initial NH 4+- N level, whereas the high NH4+-N content at the beginning of the experience in the amended plots was somewhat reduced. Extractable Mn and Fe increased as a function of flooding duration and lime addition increased the extractability of these two elements, so that at the end of the experience Mn and Fe levels were much higher in dolomite amended plots than in control. Olsen- extractable P was also initially higher in the amended plots than in the control plot and after flooding no unique fluctuation trend was observed

Results from Bottom Trawl Survey on Flemish Cap of June-July 2007

A stratified random bottom trawl survey on Flemish Cap was carried out on June - July 2007, covering the bank up to 1460 m depth (800 fathoms). The survey was carried out on board R/V Vizconde de Eza, using a Lofoten bottom trawl gear, and 174 haul were done, 117 of them in the region with less than 730 m depth. Survey results are presented and compared with results of previous surveys in the series since 1988. Biomass and abundance indices are provided for main commercial species, as well as age composition for cod, American plaice, and Greenland halibut

Assessment of the Cod Stock in NAFO Division 3M

An assessment of the cod stock in NAFO Division 3M is performed. A Bayesian model, as used in the last assessments, was used to perform the analysis. Results indicate a fairly substantial increase in SSB, reaching a value well above Blim. The six-years retrospective plot shows that the recruitment is overestimated every year. Three year projections indicate that fishing at the Fstatusquo level should allow SSB to increase slowly, although abundance will remain at levels below observed at the beginning of the series. If the fishing mortality were return to the levels seen before 1995, stock recovery would become improbable

Valoración genética BLUP en el Merino Autóctono Español

Utilizando los registros productivos de 7.429 corderos de 17 ganaderías pertenecientes al Núcleo de Control Cárn ico del Ovino Merino Autóctono Español yempleando la metodologfa BlUP modelo animal, se ha estimado el mérito genético expresado en desviaciones frente a la media probladonal de 11.914 animales (142 moruecos, 4. 361 ovejas), para 10 ca racteres relacionados con la aptitud cárnica. El modelo matemático empleado incluye como efectos fijos, la ganadería-año-estación, el sexo de la cría, el tipo de parto y la edad de la oveja al parto como covariable (lineal y cuadrática) y como efectos aleatorios, el efecto genético di recto, el efecto genético maternal y el efecto ambiental permanente

An Estimated New-Keynesian Model with Unemployment as Excess Supply of Labor

Wage stickiness is incorporated to a New-Keynesian model with variable capital in a way that generates endogenous unemployment fluctuations as the log difference between aggregate labor supply and aggregate labor demand. After estimation with U.S. data, the implied second-moment statistics of the unemployment rate provide a reasonable match with those observed in the data. Our results also show that wagepush shocks, demand shifts and monetary policy shocks are the three major determinants of unemployment fluctuations. Compared to an estimated canonical DSGE model without unemployment: wage stickiness is higher, labor supply elasticity is lower, the slope of the New-Keynesian Phillips curve is flatter, and the importance of technology innovations on output growth variability increases