Aplicação de instrumentos de avaliação de estados de humor na detecção da síndrome do excesso de treinamento Aplicación de instrumentos de evaluación de los estados de humor en la detección del síndrome de exceso de entrenamiento Application of mood states validation instruments in the detection of the overtraining syndrome

As pressões provocadas pelas exigências do esporte competitivo levam muitos atletas a excederem os limites de sua capacidade física e psicológica, acarretando a manifestação da síndrome do excesso de treinamento (overtraining). O intuito deste artigo de revisão é, a partir do material original, discutir o processo de validação do Perfil dos Estados de Humor-Adolescentes (POMS-A) para uso em adultos(1). Esse instrumento foi desenvolvido para permitir uma rápida mensuração dos estados de humor entre populações de adolescentes e adultos, já tendo sido demonstrada, em recentes pesquisas, sua eficácia no diagnóstico desses estados alterados pelo treinamento intensivo. O POMS-A foi administrado a atletas adultos de competição, atletas estudantes adultos, atletas adolescentes de competição e estudantes adolescentes. Um subgrupo de atletas estudantes adultos foi utilizado para testar a validade do critério do POMS-A. A análise do fator confirmatório deu suporte para a validade fatorial do modelo de 24 itens e seis fatores, usando ambas as análises: independente e amostras múltiplas. Relações entre os escores do POMS-A e medidas validadas previamente, que eram coerentes com fundamentações teóricas, sustentaram a validade do critério de medida. Evidências foram encontradas dando suporte à integridade psicométrica do POMS-A quando se estendeu de adolescentes para populações de adultos. Tais evidências sugerem que o POMS-A é um instrumento apropriado para avaliação de perfis do humor, além do que a brevidade do teste facilita a coleta de dados em ambientes de pesquisa. Pretende-se, em estudos posteriores, validar e aplicar o instrumento BRUMS (nome atual do POMS-A) na detecção da síndrome do excesso de treinamento em atletas brasileiros, para o que já existe autorização dos autores Terry, Lane e Fogarty(1).<br>Las presiones provocadas por las exigencias del deporte competitivo llevan muchos atletas a exceder los límites de su capacidades físicas y sicológicas acarreando la manifestación del síndrome de exceso de entrenamiento (overtraining). El cometido de este artículo de revisión, a partir del material original, es discutir el proceso de la validación del Perfil de los Estados de Humor Adolescentes (POMS - A) para el uso en adultos(1). Este instrumento fué desarrollado para permitir una rápida medida de los estados de humor entre poblaciones de adolescentes y de adultos, ya teniendo demostrado en recientes pesquisas su eficacia en el diagnóstico de estados alterados por el entrenamiento intensivo. El POMS-A fué administrado a atletas adultos de competición, atletas estudiantes adultos, atletas adolescentes de competición y estudiantes adolescentes. Un subgrupo de atletas estudiantes adultos fué utilizado para comprobar la validez del criterio de POMS-A. El análisis del factor confirmatorio dio suporte para la validez factorial del modelo de 24 items y seis factores, usando ambas análisis: independiente y a muestras múltiples. Relaciones entre los escores del POMS-A y las medidas validadas previamente, que eran coherentes con fundamentaciones teóricas, sustentaron la validez del criterio de la medida. Evidencias fueron encontradas dando soporte a la integridad psicométrica del POMS-A cuando se extendió de adolescentes a poblaciones de adultos. Tales evidencias sugieren que el POMS-A es un instrumento apropiado para evaluación de perfiles del humor, además que la brevedad del test facilita la colecta de datos en ambientes de pesquisa. Se ha pretendido en estudios posteriores validar y aplicar el instrumento BRUMS (nombre actual del estudio POMS-A) en la detección del síndrome de exceso de entrenamiento (SEE) en atletas brasileños, para lo que ya existe autorización de los autores Terry, Lane y Fogarty(1).<br>The pressures tempted by the exigencies from the competitive sport lead many athletes to exceed the limits of their physical and psychological capacity, causing the manifestation of overtraining syndrome. The purpose of this review article is to discuss, through the original material, the validation process of the Profile of Mood States-Adolescents (POMS-A) for use with adults(1). This instrument was developed to serve as a brief measure of mood states among adolescents and adult populations, and had already demonstrated, in recent researches, effectiveness in the diagnosis of these altered states by intensive training. The POMS-A was administered to adult athletes prior to competition, adult student athletes, adolescent athletes prior to competition, and adolescent students. A subset of adult student athletes was used to test the criterion validity of the POMS-A. Confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the factorial validity of 24-item, six-factor model using both independent and multi-sample analyses. Relationships between POMS-A scores and previously validated measures, that were consistent with theoretical predictions, supported the criterion validity. Evidences were found in support of the psychometric integrity of the POMS-A when extended from adolescent to adult populations. It is suggested that the POMS-A is an appropriate tool with which mood profiles will be tested, besides the brevity of the test facilitates data collection in research environments. Subsequent studies aim the validation and applicability of the instrument BRUMS (current name of the POMS-A) in detection of overtraining syndrome in Brazilian athletes, for what already exists authorization by the authors Terry, Lane and Fogarty(1)

Training adaptation and heart rate variability in elite endurance athletes: opening the door to effective monitoring

The measurement of heart rate variability (HRV) is often considered a convenient non-invasive assessment tool for monitoring individual adaptation to training. Decreases and increases in vagal-derived indices of HRV have been suggested to indicate negative and positive adaptations, respectively, to endurance training regimens. However, much of the research in this area has involved recreational and well-trained athletes, with the small number of studies conducted in elite athletes revealing equivocal outcomes. For example, in elite athletes, studies have revealed both increases and decreases in HRV to be associated with negative adaptation. Additionally, signs of positive adaptation, such as increases in cardiorespiratory fitness, have been observed with atypical concomitant decreases in HRV. As such, practical ways by which HRV can be used to monitor training status in elites are yet to be established. This article addresses the current literature that has assessed changes in HRV in response to training loads and the likely positive and negative adaptations shown. We reveal limitations with respect to how the measurement of HRV has been interpreted to assess positive and negative adaptation to endurance training regimens and subsequent physical performance. We offer solutions to some of the methodological issues associated with using HRV as a day-to-day monitoring tool. These include the use of appropriate averaging techniques, and the use of specific HRV indices to overcome the issue of HRV saturation in elite athletes (i.e., reductions in HRV despite decreases in resting heart rate). Finally, we provide examples in Olympic and World Champion athletes showing how these indices can be practically applied to assess training status and readiness to perform in the period leading up to a pinnacle event. The paper reveals how longitudinal HRV monitoring in elites is required to understand their unique individual HRV fingerprint. For the first time, we demonstrate how increases and decreases in HRV relate to changes in fitness and freshness, respectively, in elite athletes

Heart rate dynamics after combined strength and endurance training in middle-aged women: Heterogeneity of responses.

The loss of complexity in physiological systems may be a dynamical biomarker of aging and disease. In this study the effects of combined strength and endurance training compared with those of endurance training or strength training alone on heart rate (HR) complexity and traditional HR variability indices were examined in middle-aged women. 90 previously untrained female volunteers between the age of 40 and 65 years completed a 21 week progressive training period of either strength training, endurance training or their combination, or served as controls. Continuous HR time series were obtained during supine rest and submaximal steady state exercise. The complexity of HR dynamics was assessed using multiscale entropy analysis. In addition, standard time and frequency domain measures were also computed. Endurance training led to increases in HR complexity and selected time and frequency domain measures of HR variability (P<0.01) when measured during exercise. Combined strength and endurance training or strength training alone did not produce significant changes in HR dynamics. Inter-subject heterogeneity of responses was particularly noticeable in the combined training group. At supine rest, no training-induced changes in HR parameters were observed in any of the groups. The present findings emphasize the potential utility of endurance training in increasing the complex variability of HR in middle-aged women. Further studies are needed to explore the combined endurance and strength training adaptations and possible gender and age related factors, as well as other mechanisms, that may mediate the effects of different training regimens on HR dynamics.peerReviewe

Children at risk for dyslexia show deficient left-hemispheric memory representations for new spoken word forms

Developmental dyslexia is a specific learning disorder with impairments in reading and spelling acquisition. Apart from literacy problems, dyslexics show inefficient speech encoding and deficient novel word learning, with underlying problems in phonological processing and learning. These problems have been suggested to be related to deficient specialization of the left hemisphere for language processing. To examine this possibility, we tracked with magnetoencephalography (MEG) the activation of the bilateral temporal cortices during formation of neural memory traces for new spoken word forms in 7-8-year-old children with high familial dyslexia risk and in controls. The at-risk children improved equally to their peers in overt repetition of recurring new word forms, but were poorer in explicit recognition of the recurring word forms. Both groups showed reduced activation for the recurring word forms 400–1200 ms after word onset in the right auditory cortex, replicating the results of our previous study on typically developing children (Nora et al, 2017, Children show right-lateralized effects of spoken word-form learning. PLoS ONE 12(2): e0171034). However, only the control group consistently showed a similar reduction of activation for recurring word forms in the left temporal areas. The results highlight the importance of left-hemispheric phonological processing for efficient phonological representations and its disruption in dyslexia.peerReviewe

Short- and long-term reliability of heart rate variability indices during repetitive low-force work

© 2014, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Purpose: Heart rate variability (HRV) is often monitored in occupational studies as a measure of cardiac autonomic activation, but the reliability of commonly used HRV indices is poorly understood. In the present study, we determined the variability between and within subjects of common HRV indices during a repetitive low-force occupational task, i.e., pipetting, and interpreted the results in terms of necessary sample sizes in studies comparing HRV between conditions or groups. Methods: Fourteen healthy female subjects performed a standardized pipetting task in the laboratory on three separate days within a short-time span ( &lt; 2 weeks), and on one additional occasion 6 months later. A number of standard HRV indices were calculated in both time and frequency domains. For each HRV index, variance components were estimated between subjects, within subjects between occasions far apart in time, and within subjects between days within a 2-week period. Results: We found that the time interval between repeated measurements did not influence the extent of HRV variability, and that the reliability of the most HRV indices was sufficient for even small study samples (30 subjects or less) to be able to detect, with satisfying power ( &gt; 0.80), a significant 10 to 20 % difference in HRV between groups, and between conditions within individuals. Conclusions: We conclude that HRV can be used as a reliable and feasible marker of autonomic activity in occupational studies of repetitive low-force work