Effects of land-use regime on soil erodibility indices and soil properties in Unye, Turkey

We evaluated the effects of land-use regime on soil erodibility indices and several soil properties in forested, deforested, and cultivated areas in the village of Unye, Turkey. Twelve sample plots (spaced 150 m apart) with northern aspects were established in each land-use regime, and samples were taken at soil depths of 0–20, 20–50, and 50– 80 cm. Soil organic matter (SOM), soil reaction (pH), total lime (CaCO3), texture (sand, silt, and clay), dispersion ratio (DR), erosion ratio (ER), colloid-moisture equivalent ratio (C-MER), structural stability index (SSI), field capacity (FC), wilting point (WP), and available water capacity (AWC) were analyzed. The average (of the three soil depths) AWC, FC, and WP values were not affected by the site, although site, soil depth, or both significantly affected other analyzed soil variables. Deforestation and subsequent tillage practices resulted in an almost 20% decrease in clay content, a 33% decrease in SOM, a 15% decrease in AWC, a 51% decrease in total CaCO3, a 24% decrease in SSI, a 60% increase in DR, and a 98% increase in ER relative to undisturbed forest soil. At cultivated and forested sites, the ER and DR increased with increasing soil depth. At deforested sites, ER and DR were lowest at 50–80 cm. SOM was the highest at 0–20 cm in the forested sites. Decreasing SOM, clay content, and SSI, as well as increasing DR and ER were outcomes of deforestation. These results indicate that the conversion of forest into cropland deteriorates some soil properties, especially SOM and SSI, and alters the stability of soil aggregates, thus increasing the susceptibility of deforested sites to erosion

Utjecaj intenziteta prorjeda na rast azijske bukve (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) u plantažama u Trabzonu na sjeveroistoku Turske

In this study, the effects of first thinnings having different intensities in oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) plantation areas were investigated in terms of diameter and height growth of trees. Sample plots were chosen from oriental beech plantation areas which are within the boundaries of Maçka–Yeşiltepe and Vakfıkebir districts of Trabzon province, Turkey. With removing of 0%, 10%, 25% and 40% of basal area in a hectare of stands which are in sapling stage, sample plots were established by applying thinnings which are in four different intensities (control, light, moderate, strong). After the thinning applications, basal areas were calculated by measuring diameters and heights of trees in established sample plots in order to reveal stand growth. The effects of thinnings were revealed related to some stand characteristics (average diameter, basal area, average height, relative diameter increment, etc.) and determined chosen trees. The effect of thinning intensity on average diameter, basal area, and volume values is statistically important in every two plantations. 2-year results showed that thinning increased the diameter increment significantly, and the increase in diameter increment was positively correlated with the thinning intensity in both experiments. Moreover, increments of diameter, height, basal area, and volume were higher in Maçka-Yeşiltepe experiment than in Vakfıkebir experiment. But, the values of moderate and strong thinning intensities applied in Vakfıkebir were close to each other. When all the results are evaluated, application of strong thinning intensity for Yeşiltepe sample plot, the moderate thinning intensity for Vakfıkebir sample plot is seen appropriate by us in terms of both stand development.U ovom su istraživanju proučavani učinci prve prorjede različitih intenziteta u plantažnim područjima azijske bukve (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) vezano za povećanje promjera i visine stabala. Odabrane su primjerne plohe u plantažnim područjima azijske bukve unutar granica okruga Maçka–Yeşiltepe i Vakfıkebir u pokrajini Trabzon, Turska. Primjerne plohe utvrđene su prorjedom u četiri različita intenziteta (kontrolni, slaba, umjereni, jaka), uklanjanjem 0%, 10%, 25% i 40% temeljnice po hektaru sastojine u fazi mladika. Nakon prorjeđivanja, temeljnica je izračunata mjerenjem promjera i visine stabala u utvrđenim primjernim plohama kako bi se utvrdio rast sastojine. Utvrđeni su učinci prorjede povezani s određenim karakteristikama sastojine (prosječni promjer, temeljnica, prosječna visina, relativni debljinski prirast, itd.) i određenim odabranim stablima. Učinak intenziteta prorjede na prosječni promjer, vrijednost temeljnice i volumena pokazao se kao statistički važan u svakoj od dvije plantaže. Dvogodišnji rezultati pokazali su da je prorjeda značajno povećala debljinski prirast, a povećanje debljinskog prirasta je u pozitivnoj korelaciji s intenzitetom prorjede u oba eksperimenta. Štoviše, prirast promjera, visine, temeljnice i volumena bio je veći u eksperimentu u Maçka-Yeşiltepeu nego u eksperimentu u Vakfıkebiru. Međutim, vrijednosti umjerenog i jakog intenziteta prorjede u Vakfıkebiru bile su bliske. Nakon procjene svih rezultata, smatramo da je primjena jakog intenziteta prorjede u primjernoj plohi u Yeşiltepeu i umjerenog intenziteta prorjede u primjernoj plohi u Vakfıkebiru prikladna u smislu razvoja sastojine

An EPR Study On Cytosine Irradiated

WOS: 000293594100004In this study, paramagnetic centers over the cytosine were formed by photolysis then these centers were investigated using EPR method. EPR signals were not recorded from non-irradiated the cytosine, but irradiated polycrystalline exhibited complex EPR spectra. For obtaining of cytosine polycrystalline, novel crystallization method was performed on powder cytosine. Effective crystallization conditions were achieved by adjustment of the concentration of the metal ions, chemical solutions, NaCl, KCl, glacial asetic acid, nitric oxide, percloric acid, glutamic acid, and pH of buffer. Cytosine (C4H5N2O) polycrystalline obtained were irradiated with Co-60 - rays at room temperature for 24 and 72 h. At the sample irradiated for 72 h, the paramagnetic centers were determined between 120 and 450 K by X-band EPR spectrometer. The spectra were found to be dependent slightly on temperature. Two cation radicals were determined in the structure and these were called Radicals I and II. The g and hyperfine constants were found to be a(H2a) = 61 G, a(N2) = 9.39 G, a(N1) = 7.15 G, and g(1) = 2.0026 for the Radical I; a(H3) = 10.57 G, a(H1) = 3 G, a(N3) = 6.72 G, a(N1) = 5.36 G for, and g(2) = 2.0034 the Radical II. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Scientific Research Projects Coordination Center of Selcuk University, Konya/TurkeyThis study was partially supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Center of Selcuk University, Konya/Turkey

A Method Suggestion Through National Architecture Exhibition For Evaluation of Turkish Architecture Periodically

WOS: 000526179700004Beyond designing space, architecture is a versatile field which is influenced from physical, social and cultural environment, from people and their needs. Therefore, architecture is a tangible production field which has tight bonds with every kind of development, change and transformation in the society and at the same time has the power of changing and transforming. So in order to understand the architectural production in a society, first of all we need to analyse dynamics of social structure. In this scope, the aim of this study is to propose a method suggestion which enables evaluation of development of current architecture, changing-transforming dynamics of social structure and analyse them through new dimensions introduced to architecture and to determine the representations of architecture periodically. These periodical evaluations were carried out through "Catalogue of National Architecture Exhibition and Prizes" which has the aim of representing Turkish architecture and enable nationalization of architecture. The reason is that the event serves as a resource of Turkish architecture and has the archive attribute. On the other hand, these social structure data are related with social sciences and have qualitative characteristics. Therefore the method proposed was mostly arranged on qualitative research methods used in social researches. The method which is basically based on systematic is composed of four stages defined as grouping-defining, summary-coding, superposition and evaluation which includes gathering, grouping, decreasing, superposing and discussing subsequent data. In the study these stages were defined on flow chart, every stage was detailed and explained on each period catalogue with examples

Bir Tasarim Öğretisi Olarak Archi-Mimesis

This study was based on a discussion of the relationship between mimesis and architectural design. Mimesis was accepted as one of the oldest and most basic concepts of artistic and literary efforts, a method to learn and produce a representation of reality from ancient periods to today. However, mimesis is not simply used as imitation, even in ancient periods. Mimesis has a strong relationship with various parameters like the physical material reality of the world, the era, the things the era brings, and the worldview, knowledge, and experience of the designer. In this context, this study is based on the theorem of the internalization of the objective world in the designing process and the mimetic approach in the designing process by including individual approaches in the creation process. To test this theorem, a workshop, conceptualized as “Archi-Mimesis,” and accepting mimesis as creative designing doctrine, was organized. We describe Archi-Mimesis as mimesis or re-representation of the architecture, which is different from other nature-based methods like biomimetic, through the interface of mimetic methods maintained by considering reality through the creativity of architectural design and innovation oriented structure.Bu çalışma; mimesis ve mimari tasarım arasındaki ilişkinin varlığının tartışılması üzerine temellendirilmiştir. Mimesis, antik dönemden günümüze gerçekliğin temsili, öğrenmenin ve üretmenin yöntemi olarak sanatsal ve yazınsal kuramların en eski ve en temel kavramlarından birisi kabul edilmiştir. Ancak antik dönemde bile sadece taklit etmek anlamında kullanılmayan mimesis; bir tarafta dünyanın maddesel gerçekliğiyle diğer taraftan da üretenin dünya görüşü, bilgisi ve deneyimi, zaman ve zamanın getirdikleri gibi çeşitli parametrelerle güçlü bir ilişkiye sahiptir. Bu bağlamda yapılan çalışmanın önermesi; tasarlama sürecinde nesnel dünyanın içselleştirmesi ve bireysel yaklaşımların yaratma sürecine dahil edilmesinin aslında tasarlama deneyiminde mimetik bir yaklaşım içerdiğidir. Bu önermenin sınanması amacıyla ‘Archi-Mimesis’ olarak kavramsallaştırılan ve mimesisin yaratıcı bir tasarlama öğretisi olarak kabul edildiği bir workshop etkinliği düzenlenmiştir. Archi-MİMESİS; mimari tasarımın yaratıcılığa ve yeniliğe odaklı yapısı ile bir gerçekliğe bağlı kalınarak sürdürülen mimetik yöntemlerin arayüzünde ancak biomimesis gibi doğayı referans alan yöntemlerden farklı olarak mimarinin kendisinin yeniden temsili ya da mimesis olarak tanımlanmıştır

THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FOREST DISTRIBUTIONS AND SUMMER DROUGHT RELATED TO GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN TURKEY

In Turkey, continental tropical air movements originating from North Africa and Middle East become dominant, especially in summers. This change in climate brings about dry and hot climatic conditions which generally continue for a long time throughout the summer in the regions outside of the Black Sea Region and North-East Anatolia Region. Ecological processes, such as evapotranspiration and photosynthesis, generally depend on the meteorological conditions that can limit the lives of trees. From this perspective, meteorological conditions become effective in the vegetation period affecting the lives of trees. Thornthwaite has developed the precipitation efficiency formula which sets forth the relation between potential evapotranspiration and precipitation. In terms of finding out the relations between plants and the area they spread out, it is important to investigate on which conditions the regional changes of precipitation efficiency depend

Relationships between environmental variables and wood anatomy of Quercus pontica C. Koch (Fagaceae)

WOS: 000259837700004We investigated the relationships between various soil characteristics and anatomical wood attributes of Quercus pontica C. Koch. Wood and soil samples were collected from Rize-Ikizdere-Cimil and Rize-Findikli, Turkey, where Q. pontica is widely distributed. The soil samples were analyzed for particle size distribution (sand, silt, and clay content), pH, organic matter, field capacity (moisture equivalent), wilting point, and available water capacity (AWC). Wood samples were obtained alone, with soil samples. To determine fiber characteristics, fibers were prepared using Schultze's method and measured under a microscope. We found significant correlations between wood anatomical features and soil characteristics. Altitude was 2 positively correlated with the number of vessels per mm (r=0.98, p < 0.01) and tracheld fiber wall thickness (r=0.36, p < 0.05). Altitude was negatively correlated with the length of vessel members (r=-0.83, p < 0.01), the radial diameter of vessel elements in latewood (r=-0.89, p < 0.01), the tanuential diameter of vessel elements in latewood (r= -0.96, p < 0.01), the height of uniseriate rays (r=-0.68, p < 0.01), and the number of uniseriate rays per mm (r=-0.89, p < 0.0 1). AWC was negatively correlated with the number of vessels per mm 2 (r=-0.74, p < 0.01). Furthermore, vessel element length (r=0.63), radial diameter of vessel elements in latewood (r=0.68), tangential diameter of vessel elements in latewood (r=0.73), height of uniseriate rays (r=0.68), and number of uniseriate rays per mm (r=0.53) were positively correlated with AWC (p < 0.01)

An EPR study on single crystals of dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione by gamma-rays

WOS: 000300852100001Single crystals of dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (C8H12O2) were produced by slow evaporation of the concentrated ethyl acetate solutions. These single crystals were exposed to Co-60 gamma-rays with a dose speed of 0.950 kGy/h at room temperature for 24, 48, and 72 h. The free radicals of the samples irradiated for 48 and 72 h were detected using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-X-band spectrometer. EPR measurements were performed between 120 and 300 K. The sample irradiated for 48 h by gamma-rays was rotated in steps of 10 degrees at 298 K. The spectrum parameters were found to be dependent on the temperature. Two radicals were determined in the molecular structure irradiated. These radiation damage centers were called R1 and R2. The average values of g and the hyperfine coupling constants were calculated as follows: a(Ha) = 6.84 G, a(Hb) = 3.60 G, g = 2.0040 for R1, a(H) = 28 G, g = 2.0062 for R2.Scientific Research Projects coordination centers of Nigde; Selcuk University, TurkeyThis study was partially supported by the Scientific Research Projects coordination centers of Nigde and Selcuk University, Turkey

A comparative study on two closely relative Tulipa L. taxa from NE Anatolia

Coskuncelebi, Kamil/0000-0001-5713-6628WOS: 000261181800005This study presents observations on the anatomical, palynological and ecological features of Tulipa gumusanica Terzioglu and its morphologically similar relative, T. armena Boiss. var. armena, in order to clarify their similarities and differences. We found that these taxa have some important differences with regard to anatomical, palynological and ecological features, as well as morphological traits. General anatomical traits of both examined taxa are similar, both having isolateral leaves with distinct hypodermis and a stem with distinct monolayer collenchyma close to the epidermis. However, some anatomical characters such as mesophyll width, average number of stomata on lower epidermis, and epidermal cells on upper epidermis are found to be important in delimiting these taxa. In addition, considerable differences have been observed in pollen shape and size. The species differ ecologically in that T. gumusanica prefers slightly acidic soil with low organic content in the woodland, whereas T. armena var. armena prefers slightly alkali soil with high organic content in steppe vegetation