Author Correction: The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool.

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The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool.

The history of the British Isles and Ireland is characterized by multiple periods of major cultural change, including the influential transformation after the end of Roman rule, which precipitated shifts in language, settlement patterns and material culture1. The extent to which migration from continental Europe mediated these transitions is a matter of long-standing debate2-4. Here we study genome-wide ancient DNA from 460 medieval northwestern Europeans-including 278 individuals from England-alongside archaeological data, to infer contemporary population dynamics. We identify a substantial increase of continental northern European ancestry in early medieval England, which is closely related to the early medieval and present-day inhabitants of Germany and Denmark, implying large-scale substantial migration across the North Sea into Britain during the Early Middle Ages. As a result, the individuals who we analysed from eastern England derived up to 76% of their ancestry from the continental North Sea zone, albeit with substantial regional variation and heterogeneity within sites. We show that women with immigrant ancestry were more often furnished with grave goods than women with local ancestry, whereas men with weapons were as likely not to be of immigrant ancestry. A comparison with present-day Britain indicates that subsequent demographic events reduced the fraction of continental northern European ancestry while introducing further ancestry components into the English gene pool, including substantial southwestern European ancestry most closely related to that seen in Iron Age France5,6

Evaluating the EU's Crisis Missions in the Balkans. CEPS Paperbacks. September 2007

Since 2003, EU military and civilian crisis management has emerged as a new field in European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), also claiming a place high on the political agenda. This book evaluates the EU’s first such operations in the Western Balkans, focusing on lessons learned in the military and police missions to Bosnia and Herzegovina and to Macedonia. The authors have conducted their research both in Brussels and in the field. The evaluations place these operations in political and institutional perspectives, and highlight not only successes but also the shortcomings that will need to be addressed in the years ahead. The relevance of the book is heightened by the increasing number of crisis management missions that the EU is being mandated to take up worldwide, in Africa and Asia as well as the Western Balkans, with major challenges ahead in a police mission in Afghanistan and an impending rule of law mission in Kosovo

The making of the new EU security order : an organizational study of complex security governance

Defence date: 7 May 2007Supervisor: F. KratochwilThe Organization of European Security Governance investigates what impact the changing nature of security challenges has had on the organization of security governance in Europe. As the most pervasive security challenges today are difficult to classify as either internal or external, the traditional divide between domestic and international security has become blurred. In response, European leaders have emphasized the need to develop comprehensive and horizontal approaches to security in the European Union. But has the European Union been able to deliver a coherent response to this new security environment? In a detailed comparative study of two crucial policy fields - EU counter-terrorism and post-conflict crisis management - the dissertation outlines the scope of the ongoing transformation of Europe's security order, examines its challenges and explains its defects

The Organization of European Security Governance: Internal and External Security in Transition

The Organization of European Security Governance investigates what impact the changing nature of security challenges has had on the organization of security governance in Europe. As the most pervasive security challenges today are difficult to classify as either internal or external, the traditional divide between domestic and international security has become blurred. In response, European leaders have emphasized the need to develop comprehensive and horizontal approaches to security in the European Union. But has the European Union been able to deliver a coherent response to this new security environment? In a detailed comparative study of two crucial policy fields - EU counter-terrorism and post-conflict crisis management - the book outlines the scope of the ongoing transformation of Europe's security order, examines its challenges and explains its defects.1. Introduction 2. European Security: Beyond the Great Divide? 3. The Organizational Basis of European Security Governance 4. The EU Security Policy Framework 5. Europe's Fight against Terrorism 6. European Approaches to Crisis Management 7. ConclusionPublished version of EUI PhD thesis, 200

Security Expertise in the European Union: The Challenges of Comprehensiveness and Accountability

Abstract This article examines the role of expert knowledge for security political decision-making in the European Union. It observes that due to the pressures of an increasingly complex and uncertain security environment, the relevance of expert advice as an aid to political action has increased. After outlining the European Union's specific constellation of security experts and its ways of integrating expertise into its policy-making structure, the article discusses the ensuing limitations and constraints that affect EU security expertise. It contends that due to the fragmentation and opacity of the EU's security architecture, the EU faces a dual challenge of developing comprehensive and accountable forms of dealing with security expertise. Lastly, the article discusses ways of fostering comprehensive and accountable expert knowledge and points to difficult trade-offs between demands to integrate expertise and the requirement of maintaining pluralistic advice

Coping with Complexity. An Organizational Perspective on European Security Governance

How does the European Union respond to a rapidly changing security environment that is increasingly characterised by challenges cutting across the traditional divide between internal and external security? This paper traces the emergence of comprehensive security concepts at the EU level and their subsequent translation into organizational practices. It puts forward a research strategy to analyse whether, how and to what extent the new post-Cold War security concepts have had an impact on traditional ways of providing security in Europe. Complementing current research on European security policies, the paper focuses on their organizational underpinnings to study the governance of complex security issues in the EU. Building on institutionalist theories of organizational change, the paper contends that the dynamics of organizational innovation within the European security architecture lead to outcomes that differ from the comprehensive security concepts developed at the political level. A brief analysis of recent developments in the EU’s counter-terrorism architecture illustrates the complex dynamics of innovation in the European system of security governance

Is There a European Way of War? Role Conceptions, Organizational Frames and the Utility of Force

Europe is the region of the world where the network of security institutions is the densest. Yet, these institutions did not erase differences about conceptions of force employment among European countries and between European countries and the United States. Why have concepts of military power and force employment remained distinct and varied in Europe, and yet, what facilitates their convergence at the European Union level into the ambiguous notion of crisis management? We argue that an important answer to these questions is endogenous to the military: both role conceptions and organizational frames of military institutions are key underlying aspects of the differences at the national level and of the common ground at the European Union level. We examine and compare empirically the role conceptions and organizational frames of the armed forces in France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom since the early 1990s

Complete genome of the switchgrass endophyte Enterobacter clocace P101

TheEnterobacter cloacaecomplex is genetically very diverse. The increasing number of complete genomic sequences ofE. cloacaeis helping to determine the exact relationship among members of the complex.E. cloacaeP101 is an endophyte of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and is closely related to otherE. cloacaestrains isolated from plants. The P101 genome consists of a 5,369,929 bp chromosome. The chromosome has 5,164 protein-coding regions, 100 tRNA sequences, and 8 rRNA operons