Caveolin-1-Enhanced Motility and Focal Adhesion Turnover Require Tyrosine-14 but Not Accumulation to the Rear in Metastatic Cancer Cells

Caveolin-1 is known to promote cell migration, and increased caveolin-1 expression is associated with tumor progression and metastasis. In fibroblasts, caveolin-1 polarization and phosphorylation of tyrosine-14 are essential to promote migration. However, the role of caveolin-1 in migration of metastatic cells remains poorly defined. Here, caveolin-1 participation in metastatic cell migration was evaluated by shRNA targeting of endogenous caveolin-1 in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and ectopic expression in B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells. Depletion of caveolin-1 in MDA-MB-231 cells reduced, while expression in B16-F10 cells promoted migration, polarization and focal adhesion turnover in a sequence of events that involved phosphorylation of tyrosine-14 and Rac-1 activation. In B16-F10 cells, expression of a non-phosphorylatable tyrosine-14 to phenylalanine mutant failed to recapitulate the effects observed with wild-type caveolin-1. Alternatively, treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with the Src family kinase inhibitor PP2 reduced caveolin-1 phosphorylation on tyrosine-14 and cell migration. Surprisingly, unlike for fibroblasts, caveolin-1 polarization and re-localization to the trailing edge were not observed in migrating metastatic cells. Thus, expression and phosphorylation, but not polarization of caveolin-1 favor the highly mobile phenotype of metastatic cells

A Novel ER Stress-Independent Function of the UPR in Angiogenesis

Tumors rely on the unfolded protein response (UPR) and angiogenesis to survive the metabolic stress of hypoxia. Karali et al. (2014) revealed that VEGF signaling engages UPR sensors in an unconventional manner that is independent of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mediated by mTOR signaling to promote endothelial cell survival and angiogenesis

Fine tuning PERK signaling to control cell fate under stress

PERK is a major sensor of the unfolded protein response controlling cell fate under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. A new study reveals an additional step for optimal PERK signaling, involving the binding of CNPY2 to PERK's luminal domain. The PERK-CNPY2 axis was shown to enhance cell death under ER stress in vivo influence liver disease.FONDECYT 1140549 3160461 Millennium Institute P09-015-F FONDAP 15150012 U.S. Office of Naval Research-Global (ONR-G) N62909-16-1-2003 U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research FA9550-16-1-0384 BN

ER proteostasis addiction in cancer biology: Novel concepts

© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is generated by various physiological and pathological conditions that induce an accumulation of misfolded proteins in its lumen. ER stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), an adaptive reaction to cope with protein misfolding to and restore proteostasis. However, chronic ER stress results in apoptosis. In solid tumors, the UPR mediates adaptation to various environmental stressors, including hypoxia, low in pH and low nutrients availability, driving positive selection. Recent findings support the concept that UPR signaling also contributes to other relevant cancer-related event that may not be related to ER stress, including angiogenesis, genomic instability, metastasis and immunomodulation. In this article, we overview novel discoveries highlighting the impact of the UPR to different aspects of cancer biology beyond its known role as a survival factor to the hypoxic environment observed in solid tumors

The UPRosome-decoding novel biological outputs of IRE1 alpha function

Different perturbations alter the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), resulting in the accumulation of misfolded proteins in its lumen, a condition termed ER stress. To restore ER proteostasis, a highly conserved pathway is engaged, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), triggering adaptive programs or apoptosis of terminally damaged cells. IRE1 alpha (also known as ERN1), the most conserved UPR sensor, mediates the activation of responses to determine cell fate under ER stress. The complexity of IRE1 alpha regulation and its signaling outputs is mediated in part by the assembly of a dynamic multi-protein complex, named the UPRosome, that regulates IRE1 alpha activity and the crosstalk with other pathways. We discuss several studies identifying components of the UPRosome that have illuminated novel functions in cell death, autophagy, DNA damage, energy metabolism and cytoskeleton dynamics. Here, we provide a theoretical analysis to assess the biological significance of the UPRosome and present the results of a systematic bioinformatics analysis of the available IRE1 alpha interactome data sets followed by functional enrichment clustering. This in silico approach decoded that IRE1 alpha also interacts with proteins involved in the cell cycle, transport, differentiation, response to viral infection and immune response. Thus, defining the spectrum of IRE1 alpha-binding partners will reveal novel signaling outputs and the relevance of the pathway to human diseases.Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) CONICYT FONDECYT 11180825 Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) CONICYT FONDECYT 1180186 3200716 ANID/FONDAP/15150012 Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) ECOS170032 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd P09-015-F European Commission RD MSCA-RISE 734749 Michael J Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research 9277 FONDEF ID16I10223 D11E100

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and the Hallmarks of Cancer

International audienceTumor cells are often exposed to intrinsic and external factors that alter protein homeostasis, thus producing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. To cope with this, cells evoke an adaptive mechanism to restore ER proteostasis known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). The three main UPR signaling branches initiated by IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6 are crucial for tumor growth and aggressiveness as well as for microenvironment remodeling or resistance to treatment. We provide a comprehensive overview of the contribution of the UPR to cancer biology and the acquisition of malignant characteristics, thus highlighting novel aspects including inflammation, invasion and metastasis, genome instability, resistance to chemo/radiotherapy, and angiogenesis. The therapeutic potential of targeting ER stress signaling in cancer is also discussed

Homeostatic interplay between FoxO proteins and ER proteostasis in cancer and other diseases

Cancer cells are exposed to adverse conditions within the tumor microenvironment that challenge cells to adapt and survive. Several of these homeostatic perturbations insults alter the normal function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), resulting in the accumulation of misfolded proteins. ER stress triggers a conserved signaling pathway known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) to cope with the stress or trigger apoptosis of damaged cells. The UPR has been described as a major driver in the acquisition of malignant characteristics that ultimately lead to cancer progression. Although, several reports describe the relevance of the UPR in tumor growth, the possible crosstalk with other cancer-related pathways is starting to be elucidated. The Forkhead Box O (FoxO) subfamily of proteins has a major role in cancer progression, where chromosomal translocations and deregulated signaling lead to loss-of-function of FoxO proteins, contributing to tumor progression. Here we discuss the homeostatic connection between the UPR and FoxO proteins and its possible implications to tumor progression and the acquisition of several hallmarks of cancer. In addition, studies linking a crosstalk between the UPR and FoxO proteins in other diseases, including neurodegeneration and metabolic disorders is provided.FONDECYT 1140549 3160461 Millennium Institute P09-015-F FONDAP15150012 BNI European Commission RD MSCA-RISE 734749 US Office of Naval Research Global (ONR-G)N62909-16-1-2003 U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research FA9550-16-1-0384 CONICYT-Brazil 441921/2016-7 CONICYT fellowship CONICYT-PCHA/Doctorado Nacional/2016-21160232 CONICYT-PCHA/Doctorado Nacional/2016-21160967 CONICYT research grant FONDEFID16I10223 FONDEFD11E100

Emerging Roles of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Unfolded Protein Response in Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion

International audienceEndoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis is often altered in tumor cells due to intrinsic (oncogene expression, aneuploidy) and extrinsic (environmental) challenges. ER stress triggers the activation of an adaptive response named the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), leading to protein translation repression, and to the improvement of ER protein folding and clearance capacity. The UPR is emerging as a key player in malignant transformation and tumor growth, impacting on most hallmarks of cancer. As such, the UPR can influence cancer cells' migration and invasion properties. In this review, we overview the involvement of the UPR in cancer progression. We discuss its cross-talks with the cell migration and invasion machinery. Specific aspects will be covered including extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, modification of cell adhesion, chemo-attraction, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), modulation of signaling pathways associated with cell mobility, and cytoskeleton remodeling. The therapeutic potential of targeting the UPR to treat cancer will also be considered with specific emphasis in the impact on metastasis and tissue invasion

Endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis in glioblastoma-From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic perspectives

International audienceCellular stress induced by the accumulation of misfolded proteins at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a central feature of secretory cells and is observed in many tissues in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, obesity, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cellular adaptation to ER stress is achieved by the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), an integrated signal transduction pathway that transmits information about the protein folding status at the ER to the cytosol and nucleus to restore proteostasis. In the past decade, ER stress has emerged as a major pathway in remodeling gene expression programs that either prevent transformation or provide selective advantage in cancer cells. Controlled by the formation of a dynamic scaffold onto which many regulatory components assemble, UPR signaling is a highly regulated process that leads to an integrated reprogramming of the cell. In this Review, we provide an overview of the regulatory mechanisms underlying UPR signaling and how this pathway modulates cancer progression, particularly the aggressiveness and chemotherapeutic resistance exhibited by glioblastoma, a form of brain cancer. We also discuss the emerging cross-talk between the UPR and related metabolic processes to ensure maintenance of proteostasis, and we highlight possible therapeutic opportunities for targeting the pathway with small molecules