Remote Raman Spectroscopy of Minerals at Elevated Temperature Relevant to Venus Exploration

We have used a remote time-resolved telescopic Raman system equipped with 532 nm pulsed laser excitation and a gated intensified CCD (ICCD) detector for measuring Raman spectra of a number of minerals at high temperature to 970 K. Remote Raman measurements were made with samples at 9-meter in side a high-temperature furnace by gating the ICCD detector with 2 micro-sec gate to minimize interference from blackbody emission from mineral surfaces at high temperature as well as interference from ambient light. A comparison of Raman spectra of gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O), dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), and olivine (Mg2Fe2-xSiO4), as a function of temperature shows that the Raman lines remains sharp and well defined even in the high-temperature spectra. In the case of gypsum, Raman spectral fingerprints of CaSO4.H2O at 518 K were observed due to dehydration of gypsum. In the case of dolomite, partial mineral dissociation was observed at 973 K at ambient pressure indicating that some of the dolomite might survive on Venus surface that is at approximately 750 K and 92 atmospheric pressure. Time-resolved Raman spectra of low clino-enstatite (MgSiO3) measured at 75 mm from the sample in side the high-temperature furnace also show that the Raman lines remains sharp and well defined in the high temperature spectra. These high-temperature remote Raman spectra of minerals show that time-resolved Raman spectroscopy can be used as a potential tool for exploring Venus surface mineralogy at shorter (75 mm) and long (9 m) distances from the samples both during daytime and nighttime. The remote Raman system could also be used for measuring profiles of molecular species in the dense Venus atmosphere during descent as well as on the surface

Short review on domperidone tablet

Oral route is presently the gold standard in the pharmaceutical industry where it is regarded as the safest, most economical and most convenient method of drug delivery resulting in highest patient compliance. Pediatric and geriatric patients find it difficult to swallow solid dosage forms like tablets. Mouth dissolving tablet that dissolve or disintegrate rapidly in oral cavity result in solution, is an ultimate remedy for this problem in addition they give pleasing mouth feeling. ODT has advantages such as patient compliance, quick onset of action, improved bioavailability. Domperidone tablet (ODT) gives relief from nausea, vomiting. This review gives us all information about pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, uses, precautions, side effects of domperidone tablet

Provisioning multi-tier cloud applications using statistical bounds on sojourn time

In this paper we present a simple and effective approach for re-source provisioning to achieve a percentile bound on the end to end response time of a multi-tier application. We, at first, model the multi-tier application as an open tandem network of M/G/1-PS queues and develop a method that produces a near optimal appli-cation configuration, i.e, number of servers at each tier, to meet the percentile bound in a homogeneous server environment – using a single type of server. We then extend our solution to a K-server case and our technique demonstrates a good accuracy, independent of the variability of service-times. Our approach demonstrates a provisioning error of no more than 3 % compared to a 140 % worst case provisioning error obtained by techniques based on anM/M/1-FCFS queue model. In addition, we extend our approach to han-dle a heterogenous server environment, i.e., with multiple types of servers. We find that fewer high-capacity servers are preferable for high percentile provisioning. Finally, we extend our approach to account for the rental cost of each server-type and compute a cost efficient application configuration with savings of over 80%. We demonstrate the applicability of our approach in a real world sys-tem by employing it to provision the two tiers of the java implemen-tation of TPC-W – a multi-tier transactional web benchmark that represents an e-commerce web application, i.e. an online book-store

Myeloid suppressor cell depletion augments antitumor activity in lung cancer.

BackgroundMyeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are important regulators of immune responses. We evaluated the mechanistic role of MDSC depletion on antigen presenting cell (APC), NK, T cell activities and therapeutic vaccination responses in murine models of lung cancer.Principal findingsIndividual antibody mediated depletion of MDSC (anti-Gr1 or anti-Ly6G) enhanced the antitumor activity against lung cancer. In comparison to controls, MDSC depletion enhanced the APC activity and increased the frequency and activity of the NK and T cell effectors in the tumor. Compared to controls, the anti-Gr1 or anti-Ly6G treatment led to increased: (i) CD8 T cells, (ii) NK cells, (iii) CD8 T or NK intracytoplasmic expression of IFNγ, perforin and granzyme (iv) CD3 T cells expressing the activation marker CD107a and CXCR3, (v) reduced CD8 T cell IL-10 production in the tumors (vi) reduced tumor angiogenic (VEGF, CXCL2, CXCL5, and Angiopoietin1&2) but enhanced anti-angiogenic (CXCL9 and CXCL10) expression and (vii) reduced tumor staining of endothelial marker Meca 32. Immunocytochemistry of tumor sections showed reduced Gr1 expressing cells with increased CD3 T cell infiltrates in the anti-Gr1 or anti-Ly6G groups. MDSC depletion led to a marked inhibition in tumor growth, enhanced tumor cell apoptosis and reduced migration of the tumors from the primary site to the lung compared to controls. Therapeutic vaccination responses were enhanced in vivo following MDSC depletion with 50% of treated mice completely eradicating established tumors. Treated mice that rejected their primary tumors acquired immunological memory against a secondary tumor challenge. The remaining 50% of mice in this group had 20 fold reductions in tumor burden compared to controls.SignificanceOur data demonstrate that targeting MDSC can improve antitumor immune responses suggesting a broad applicability of combined immune based approaches against cancer. This multifaceted approach may prove useful against tumors where MDSC play a role in tumor immune evasion

Going with the µFlow: Reinterpreting Energy Input in Organic Synthesis

The popularity of microflow chemistry has skyrocketed in the last 20 years, more and more chemists are switching from macro-batch reactors to miniaturized flow devices. As a result, microfluidics is paving its way into the future by consolidating its position in organic chemistry not only as a trend but as a new, effective, and sustainable way of conducting chemistry, that clearly will continue to grow and evolve. This perspective highlights the most relevant examples of innovative enhancing technologies applied to microflow reactors aimed to improve and intensify chemical processes. The extensive applicability of microflow chemistry is further illustrated by briefly discussing examples of complex integrated microsystems and scale-up technologies, demonstrating ultimately that microflow chemistry has the potential to become the ideal technology for the future

Structural, Dielectric and Electrical Properties of Homovalent Doped SrSn1-xTixO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.08) System

The samples SrSn1-xTixO3 with composition 0≤x≤0.08 have been prepared using sol-gel chemical route by sintering at 1173 K. All the samples are found to be single phase crystallized in orthorhombic structure. The dielectric properties indicate the existence of interfacial and orientation polarization in samples found to be stable up to 300 oC. Thermal dependence of electrical conductivity represents two conduction regions with activation energy (0.77-0.94) eV in region-1 and (0.19-0.27) eV in region-2 respectively. The plot of dc conductivity with hopping frequency results unit slope representing that the charge carriers remain same in both processes. DC conductivity of samples are found to be increased with Ti4+, due to reduction in polaron size. The present materials can be potentially used in thermally stable capacitor and mixed ionic and electronic conductors (MIECs) applications

NANOSUSPENSION: AN OVERVIEW

Nanotechnology has emerged as a tremendous field in the medicine. Nano refers to particles size range of 1-1000nm. Nanosuspensions are part of nanotechnology. Nanosuspensions contain submicron colloidal dispersion of pharmaceutical active ingredient particles in a liquid phase stabilized by surfactants. Nanosuspension technology is a unique andeconomical approach to overcome poor bioavailability that is related with the delivery of hydrophobic drugs, including those that are poorly soluble in aqueous media. Nanosuspensions are important carriers to develop novel drug formulations. Few techniques such as precipitation methods, milling methods and homogenization methods are developed to produce nanosuspension (NS) and have been successfully employed in large-scale production. They are administered by Parenteral, per oral, ocular and pulmonary routes. Now their application also extended to site specific delivery. Nanosuspensions are prepared by using wet mill, high pressure homogenizer, emulsionâ€solvent evaporation, melt emulsification method and super critical fluid techniques. Nanosuspension technology can be used to improve the stability as well as bioavailability of poorly soluble drug. Nanosuspensions are also use in various dosage forms, including specialized drug delivery system such as mucoadhesive hydrogel. The unique features of nanosuspensions have enabled their use in various dosage forms, including specialized delivery systems such as mucoadhesive hydrogels. Rapid strides have been made in the delivery of nanosuspensions by parenteral, per-oral, ocular and pulmonary routes. Currently, efforts are being directed to extending their applications in site-specific drug delivery

Investigation of Cyperus Rotundus Root Extract on Diabetic Complications in Rats with Alloxan-Induced Diabetes

Background and Introduction: The prevalence of hyperglycemic diseases known collectively as diabetes has reached epidemic proportions in the current century. Diabetics are particularly vulnerable to infections, which can have devastating health consequences. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of an aqueous extract of Cyperus rotundus roots on diabetic complications in rats with diabetes caused by Alloxan. Martial and Methods: Specifically: Alloxan monohydrate, Borosilicate, and a diagnostic kit. Specifically: a diagnostic kit, a phrase, or a paraphrase. Centrifuge Micropippet, Glucose check monitoring device, electronic digital scales, EDDY's Hot plate analgesometer MK-11, and the Biofuse pico. All chemicals employed were of the AR grade variety, including the alloxan monohydrate, metformin, chloroform, diethyl ether, and ethyl ether.Results: No deaths or toxicity symptoms were observed in the AECR acute toxicity test in mice, indicating that the extract was well tolerated and the test doses were safe in the animals. The effect of AECR on fasting blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic rats was measured using an auto analyzer glucose kit to determine the compound's antidiabetic activity. The plasma or blood glucose level is measured after an individual has fasted as part of a carbohydrate metabolic test. The hormone glucagon is secreted into the bloodstream during fasting to facilitate the catabolic release of glucose. Conclusion: The results show that in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, the oral administration of an aqueous extract of Cyperus rotundus exhibited neuroprotective, nephroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities by increasing insulin production and decreasing glucogan production and an SGOT snd SGPT level