Age-related changes of nasal cavity and conchae volumes and volume fractions in children: a stereological study

Background: The anatomy of the human nasal cavity (NC) is complex and its structures are closely related to the functions of the NC. Studies which assessing the mean volumes of NC and conchae are very infrequent. The purpose of current study is to investigate development of NC and conchae according to age and sex by using stereological method. Materials and methods: This retrospective volumetric study was carried out on 342 individuals (166 females and 176 males) between 0 and 18 years old with no pathological conditions or medical procedures that affected the skeletal morphology of the NC. Volumetric estimations were determined on computed tomography (CT) images using point-counting approach of stereological methods. Results: NC, inferior nasal conchae (INC) and middle nasal conchae (MNC) volume measurements that obtained using point-counting method were increased with age in both sexes until 15 years old. Regardless of gender; no significant difference was determined between the left and right values for NC, conchae volumes and choanae measurements. Generally, significant differences were determined in NC and INC volumes according to gender after they reached maximum growth period. According to age the volume ratios of INC to NC and MNC to NC were ranged from 18% to 32% and 9% to15%, respectively. Conclusions: The current study demonstrated that the point-counting method is effective in determining volume estimation of NC and is well suited for CT studies. Our results could provide volumetric indexes for the NC and conchae, which could help the physician for both patient selections for surgery, and for the assessment of any surgical technique used to treatment of nasal obstruction. (

Carbon-cryogel hierarchical composites as effective and scalable filters for removal of trace organic pollutants from water

Effective technologies are required to remove organic micropollutants from large fluid volumes to overcome present and future challenges in water and effluent treatment. A novel hierarchical composite filter material for rapid and effective removal of polar organic contaminants from water was developed. The composite is fabricated from phenolic resin-derived carbon microbeads with controllable porous structure and specific surface area embedded in a monolithic, flow permeable, poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogel. The bead-embedded monolithic composite filter retains the bulk of the high adsorptive capacity of the carbon microbeads while improving pore diffusion rates of organic pollutants. Water spiked with organic contaminants, both at environmentally relevant concentrations and at high levels of contamination, was used to determine the purification limits of the filter. Flow through tests using water spiked with the pesticides atrazine (32 mg/L) and malathion (16 mg/L) indicated maximum adsorptive capacities of 641 and 591 mg pollutant/g carbon, respectively. Over 400 bed volumes of water contaminated with 32 mg atrazine/L, and over 27,400 bed volumes of water contaminated with 2 μg atrazine/L, were treated before pesticide guideline values of 0.1 μg/L were exceeded. High adsorptive capacity was maintained when using water with high total organic carbon (TOC) levels and high salinity. The toxicity of water filtrates was tested in vitro with human epithelial cells with no evidence of cytotoxicity after initial washing

Morphological investigation of carotid body and its arteries in rabbits

Summary The purpose of this study was to determine the morphology of the rabbit carotid body and its artery at the light microscopy level. The carotid body was situated between the internal and external carotid arteries after the bifurcation point of the common carotid artery. The carotid body was usually found to be a single, ovoid tissue mass but, in some cases it consisted of two or three parts. More carotid bodies were supplied by a single carotid body artery (glomic artery) which arose from the common carotid artery or the internal or external carotid arteries near the bifurcation point of the common carotid artery. In only one case were there two arteries which arose from opposite sides of the external carotid artery at its origin. There was a distinguishable sinus (glomic sinus) at the origin of the glomic artery. This artery had a thin wall with elastic laminae in the sinus area which become thinner distal to the sinus.</p

Conducting copolymers of polytetrahydrofuran and their electrochromic properties

Living polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) was terminated with sodium thiophene methonate to yield a polymer with a thiophene group at one end. Copolymerizations of PTHF with pyrrole and thiophene were achieved in water-p-toluene sulfonic acid and acetonitrile-tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBAFB) solvent-electrolyte couples via constant potential electrolyses. Characterizations of the samples were performed by NMR, cyclic voltammetry, FT-IR, thermal analyses, and scanning electron microscopy. Electrical conductivities were measured by the four-probe technique. PTHF/PTh film that was deposited on ITO-glass in a dichloromethane-TBAFB solvent-electrolyte couple was found to exhibit electrochromic behavior and it electrochemically switches between blue oxidized and red reduced states. Optical analyses were carried out to investigate the electronic structure of PTHF/PTh electrochromic copolymer. (C) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Synthesis and characterization of thiophene-capped polytetrahydrofuran conducting copolymers

Living polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) was terminated with sodium thiophenemethonate to yield a polymer with thiophene groups at both ends. Copolymerizations of PTHF with pyrrole and thiophene were achieved in water-p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) and acetonitrile (AN)tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBAFB) solvent-electrolyte couples via constant-potential electrolysis. The electrical conductivities were measured by the four-probe technique. The PTHF/PTh film,, which was deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) glass in a dichloromethane-TBAFB solvent-electrolyte couple, was found to be anodically coloring copolymers that electrochemically switch between the green oxidized and red reduced states, exhibiting the electrochromic behavior. Spectroelectrochemical analysis was run in the ultraviolet-visible region to reach a better understanding of the band structure of the PTHF/PTh electrochromic copolymer

The effect of triclosan on in vitro embryonic development in rat [Triklosanın in vitro embriyonik rat gelişimi üzerine etkisi]

Triclosan (TCS) is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent showing its effect by deactivating the fatty acid synthesis of bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of TCS on in vitro embryonic development in rats and to determine the levels of caspases 2, 7, 8, and 9 inducing cells to apoptosis through gene expression. According to the TCS dose added to the culture whole rat serum, 3 experimental groups and a control group were formed with each including 10 embryos. After 48 h culturing period, embryos were subjected to morphological scoring for developmental evaluation. The levels of caspases 2, 7, 8, and 9 were measured by performing gene expression on 40 embryos. Significant decreases were obtained in all parameters of morphological scoring in the experimental groups as the dose of TCS increased. While the caspase-2 level showed a significant decrease among the groups and was inversely proportional to the level of TCS, the caspase-9 level showed a significant increase among the groups and was directly proportional to the level of TCS. In conclusion, TCS was determined to cause apoptosis in the cells via the intrinsic pathway during pregnancy period and lead to embryonic growth retardation, which increased with increased dose of TCS. © 2020, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi. All rights reserved

A challenging case of field cancerization

A challenging case of field cancerization K Bektas¸-Kayhan1 , G Karagoz*1 , CD Ozbek1 , M Altun2 , DE Peterson3 , M Unur1 1 Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey, 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Institude of Oncology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey, 3 Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA Introduction: The process of formation of oral cancer results from multiple sites of premalignant change in the oral cavity (field cancerization). Field cancerization is a proposed mechanism for the development of independent multiple premalignant lesions and tumors in the head and neck suggesting that the upper aerodigestive tract epithelium undergoes simultaneous genetic changes due to common carcinogenic exposures. The probability of developing an SPT in the patients who have had head and neck squamous cell cancer is around 20% and for each year the rate is 4–6%. Case: A 50-year-old man with squamous cell carcinoma of tongue T3N1M0 who had previously chemo-radiotherapy presented with diffuse oral mucositis-like lesions on edentulous alveolar crest that had been evolving since the cession of radiotherapy. After multiple biopsies showing a range of chronic ulceration, dysplasia, HPV positivity after 20 month, widespread lesions covering the tongue, buccal mucosa, vestibular sulcus and lips which developed into squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion: Field cancerization is a confusing contradiction to clinicians and surgeons alike. Furthermore, it significantly affects the morbidity and mortality of oral cancer patients. The solution to this problem seems to be remote; lifelong surveillance for high-risk patients at regular intervals still remains the mainstay in the anticipation of more precise targeted treatments comprising of surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and perhaps gene therapy that can be developed in patients with evidence of field change. There is considerable debate as to the clonality of the patch of affected mucosa/ field lesion and development of second primary tumors (SPT) or multiple primary tumors (MPT). Relevance: Given that the survival rate of patients with multiple primary tumors is worse than those with only one primary tumor, preventing the second primary tumor is crucial well-being of the patient