Probing the Y2 Receptor on Transmembrane, Intra- and Extra-Cellular Sites for EPR Measurements

The function of G protein-coupled receptors is intrinsically linked to their conformational dynamics. In conjugation with site-directed spin labeling, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy provides powerful tools to study the highly dynamic conformational states of these proteins. Here, we explored positions for nitroxide spin labeling coupled to single cysteines, introduced at transmembrane, intra- and extra-cellular sites of the human neuropeptide Y2 receptor. Receptor mutants were functionally analyzed in cell culture system, expressed in Escherichia coli fermentation with yields of up to 10 mg of purified protein per liter expression medium and functionally reconstituted into a lipid bicelle environment. Successful spin labeling was confirmed by a fluorescence assay and continuous wave EPR measurements. EPR spectra revealed mobile and immobile populations, indicating multiple dynamic conformational states of the receptor. We found that the singly mutated positions by MTSL ((1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl) methyl methanesulfonothioate) have a water exposed immobilized conformation as their main conformation, while in case of the IDSL (bis(1-oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-imidazolin-4-yl) disulfide) labeled positions, the main conformation are mainly of hydrophobic nature. Further, double cysteine mutants were generated and examined for potential applications of distance measurements by double electron–electron resonance (DEER) pulsed EPR technique on the receptor

Key Role of Splenic Myeloid DCs in the IFN-αβ Response to Adenoviruses In Vivo

The early systemic production of interferon (IFN)-αβ is an essential component of the antiviral host defense mechanisms, but is also thought to contribute to the toxic side effects accompanying gene therapy with adenoviral vectors. Here we investigated the IFN-αβ response to human adenoviruses (Ads) in mice. By comparing the responses of normal, myeloid (m)DC- and plasmacytoid (p)DC-depleted mice and by measuring IFN-αβ mRNA expression in different organs and cells types, we show that in vivo, Ads elicit strong and rapid IFN-αβ production, almost exclusively in splenic mDCs. Using knockout mice, various strains of Ads (wild type, mutant and UV-inactivated) and MAP kinase inhibitors, we demonstrate that the Ad-induced IFN-αβ response does not require Toll-like receptors (TLR), known cytosolic sensors of RNA (RIG-I/MDA-5) and DNA (DAI) recognition and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3, but is dependent on viral endosomal escape, signaling via the MAP kinase SAPK/JNK and IRF-7. Furthermore, we show that Ads induce IFN-αβ and IL-6 in vivo by distinct pathways and confirm that IFN-αβ positively regulates the IL-6 response. Finally, by measuring TNF-α responses to LPS in Ad-infected wild type and IFN-αβR−/− mice, we show that IFN-αβ is the key mediator of Ad-induced hypersensitivity to LPS. These findings indicate that, like endosomal TLR signaling in pDCs, TLR-independent virus recognition in splenic mDCs can also produce a robust early IFN-αβ response, which is responsible for the bulk of IFN-αβ production induced by adenovirus in vivo. The signaling requirements are different from known TLR-dependent or cytosolic IFN-αβ induction mechanisms and suggest a novel cytosolic viral induction pathway. The hypersensitivity to components of the microbial flora and invading pathogens may in part explain the toxic side effects of adenoviral gene therapy and contribute to the pathogenesis of adenoviral disease

The Conformational Equilibrium of the Neuropeptide Y2 Receptor in Bilayer Membranes

Dynamic structural transitions within the seven-transmembrane bundle represent the mechanism by which G-protein-coupled receptors convert an extracellular chemical signal into an intracellular biological function. Here, the conformational dynamics of the neuropeptide Y receptor type 2 (Y2R) during activation was investigated. The apo, full agonist-, and arrestin-bound states of Y2R were prepared by cell-free expression, functional refolding, and reconstitution into lipid membranes. To study conformational transitions between these states, all six tryptophans of Y2R were(13)C-labeled. NMR-signal assignment was achieved by dynamic-nuclear-polarization enhancement and the individual functional states of the receptor were characterized by monitoring(13)C NMR chemical shifts. Activation of Y2R is mediated by molecular switches involving the toggle switch residue Trp281(6.48)of the highly conserved SWLP motif and Trp327(7.55)adjacent to the NPxxY motif. Furthermore, a conformationally preserved "cysteine lock"-Trp116(23.50)was identified

AGO Recommendations for the surgical therapy of breast cancer: update 2022

The recommendations of the AGO Breast Committee on the surgical therapy of breast cancer were last updated in March 2022 (www.ago-online.de). Since surgical therapy is one of several partial steps in the treatment of breast cancer, extensive diagnostic and oncological expertise of a breast surgeon and good interdisciplinary cooperation with diagnostic radiologists is of great importance. The most important changes concern localization techniques, resection margins, axillary management in the neoadjuvant setting and the evaluation of the meshes in reconstructive surgery. Based on meta-analyses of randomized studies, the level of recommendation of an intraoperative breast ultrasound for the localization of non-palpable lesions was elevated to “++”. Thus, the technique is considered to be equivalent to wire localization, provided that it is a lesion which can be well represented by sonography, the surgeon has extensive experience in breast ultrasound and has access to a suitable ultrasound device during the operation. In invasive breast cancer, the aim is to reach negative resection margins (“no tumor on ink”), regardless of whether an extensive intraductal component is present or not. Oncoplastic operations can also replace a mastectomy in selected cases due to the large number of existing techniques, and are equivalent to segmental resection in terms of oncological safety at comparable rates of complications. Sentinel node excision is recommended for patients with cN0 status receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy after completion of chemotherapy. Minimally invasive biopsy is recommended for initially suspect lymph nodes. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, patients with initially 1 – 3 suspicious lymph nodes and a good response (ycN0) can receive the targeted axillary dissection and the axillary dissection as equivalent options

AGO recommendations for the surgical therapy of the axilla after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: 2021 Update

For many decades, the standard procedure to treat breast cancer included complete dissection of the axillary lymph nodes. The aim was to determine histological node status, which was then used as the basis for adjuvant therapy, and to ensure locoregional tumour control. In addition to the debate on how to optimise the therapeutic strategies of systemic treatment and radiotherapy, the current discussion focuses on improving surgical procedures to treat breast cancer. As neoadjuvant chemotherapy is becoming increasingly important, the surgical procedures used to treat breast cancer, whether they are breast surgery or axillary dissection, are changing. Based on the currently available data, carrying out SLNE prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy is not recommended. In contrast, surgical axillary management after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is considered the procedure of choice for axillary staging and can range from SLNE to TAD and ALND. To reduce the rate of false negatives during surgical staging of the axilla in pN+(CNB) stage before NACT and ycN0 after NACT, targeted axillary dissection (TAD), the removal of > 2 SLNs (SLNE, no untargeted axillary sampling), immunohistochemistry to detect isolated tumour cells and micro-metastases, and marking positive lymph nodes before NACT should be the standard approach. This most recent update on surgical axillary management describes the significance of isolated tumour cells and micro-metastasis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the clinical consequences of low volume residual disease diagnosed using SLNE and TAD and provides an overview of this year's AGO recommendations for surgical management of the axilla during primary surgery and in relation to neoadjuvant chemotherapy

ENIGMA-anxiety working group : Rationale for and organization of large-scale neuroimaging studies of anxiety disorders

Altres ajuts: Anxiety Disorders Research Network European College of Neuropsychopharmacology; Claude Leon Postdoctoral Fellowship; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation, 44541416-TRR58); EU7th Frame Work Marie Curie Actions International Staff Exchange Scheme grant 'European and South African Research Network in Anxiety Disorders' (EUSARNAD); Geestkracht programme of the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw, 10-000-1002); Intramural Research Training Award (IRTA) program within the National Institute of Mental Health under the Intramural Research Program (NIMH-IRP, MH002781); National Institute of Mental Health under the Intramural Research Program (NIMH-IRP, ZIA-MH-002782); SA Medical Research Council; U.S. National Institutes of Health grants (P01 AG026572, P01 AG055367, P41 EB015922, R01 AG060610, R56 AG058854, RF1 AG051710, U54 EB020403).Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and disabling but seem particularly tractable to investigation with translational neuroscience methodologies. Neuroimaging has informed our understanding of the neurobiology of anxiety disorders, but research has been limited by small sample sizes and low statistical power, as well as heterogenous imaging methodology. The ENIGMA-Anxiety Working Group has brought together researchers from around the world, in a harmonized and coordinated effort to address these challenges and generate more robust and reproducible findings. This paper elaborates on the concepts and methods informing the work of the working group to date, and describes the initial approach of the four subgroups studying generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. At present, the ENIGMA-Anxiety database contains information about more than 100 unique samples, from 16 countries and 59 institutes. Future directions include examining additional imaging modalities, integrating imaging and genetic data, and collaborating with other ENIGMA working groups. The ENIGMA consortium creates synergy at the intersection of global mental health and clinical neuroscience, and the ENIGMA-Anxiety Working Group extends the promise of this approach to neuroimaging research on anxiety disorders

Fortbildungsreihe zum förder- und kompetenzorientierten Unterrichten : Konzeption, Umsetzung und Wirksamkeitsprüfung

Im Mittelpunkt der Studie steht die Überprüfung der Wirksamkeit der Fortbildungs¬reihe zum förder- und kompetenzorientierten Unterrichten, die von der Verfasserin konzipiert und hessenweit für Lehrpersonen aller Schulformen angeboten wurde. Bislang sind kohärente Konzepte zum förder- und kompetenzorientierten Unterrichten oder zur individuellen Förderung zumindest nicht weit verbreitet. Das Erkenntnisinteresse der vorliegenden Studie war daher auf die Frage gerichtet, ob sich durch eine dieser Art konzipierten Fortbildungsreihe tatsächlich die Nutzung ausgewählter Prinzipien, Instrumente und Verfahren sowie die Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen bezüglich der Steuerung und Unterstützung von Lernprozessen verändern und beeinflussen lassen. Diese Fragestellung kann aufgrund der empirischen Daten bejaht werden. Als wichtige Voraussetzung für den Erfolg der Fortbildungsreihe zum förder- und kompetenzorientierten Unterrichten kann die in den formativen Evaluationen ermittelte Akzeptanz der Fortbildung und der Fortbildungsinhalte angesehen werden. Sie bildet die Grundlage für Veränderungsprozesse, die sich messbar insbesondere in der Follow-Up-Erhebung in der Zunahme der Nutzung von Prinzipien, Instrumente und Verfahren und in den Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen der Lehrpersonen niederschlagen. Dieser Veränderungsprozess kann als bemerkenswert bezeichnet werden, da in den formativen Evaluationen die Frage nach der Nutzung und Umsetzbarkeit im eigenen Unterricht stets durch niedrigere Zustimmungswerte gekennzeichnet war und damit das Zutrauen und die Überzeugung in den persönlichen Veränderungsprozess zurückhaltend war im Vergleich zu den Zustimmungswerten zu den Inhalten der Fortbildungsreihe sowie zu deren Sinnhaftigkeit. Akzeptanz, Zustimmung und die Einsicht in die Sinnhaftigkeit sowie die Überzeugung der Umsetzbarkeit im eigenen Unterricht können als Schlüsselelemente für die Veränderung der Handlungskompetenz von Lehrpersonen gesehen werden und stehen in Übereinstimmung mit entsprechenden Befunden der Conceptual-Change-Forschung. Damit konnte ein wesentliches Element erfolgreicher, da wirksamer Fortbildung insbesondere durch die Follow-Up-Erhebung empirisch belegt. Diese sollte nach ca. einem halben Jahr nach dem Ende der Fortbildungsreihe Aufschluss über die Nachhaltigkeit der Wirkung der Fortbildungsinhalte erbringen. Einschränkend soll hier jedoch auf die Reduktion der Stichprobe hingewiesen werden: Waren es zum 1.MZP 422 Lehrpersonen (270 FG, 152 KG), die an der Erhebung teilgenommen haben, waren es zum 2.MZP noch 347 Lehrpersonen (229 FG, 118 KG) und zum 3. Messzeitpunkt nur 172 Lehrpersonen (101 FG, 71 KG). Insbesondere die durch die Fortbildungsreihe erzielten positiven Veränderungen der Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen unterstreichen den Forschungsstand zu deren Bedeutung für nachhaltige Veränderung des Unterrichtshandelns von Lehrpersonen aller Schulformen. Von besonderem Interesse für die Konzeptualisierung von Lehrerfortbildungen erscheint der Zusammenhang zwischen der Vermittlung von Wissen und den Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen. Aufgrund von Forschungsbefunden kann angenommen werden, dass ohne die Überzeugung und die Zuversicht, das erworbene Wissen erfolgreich im eigenen Unterricht umsetzen und in Handlungskompetenz überleiten zu können, keine Veränderungsprozesse und Lernen ausgelöst und ermöglicht werden. Dieser Zusammenhang sollte stärker in weiteren Studien überprüft werden, um Lehrpersonen künftig gezielter für und auf Veränderungen im Unterrichtshandeln vorbereiten und unterstützen zu können. Desweiteren gilt es, die Anleitung der Lehrpersonen zur Reflexion ihres Unter¬richtshandelns genauer in den Blick zu nehmen. Nach dem kompetenztheoretischen Ansatz von Baumert und Kunter (2006) und entsprechenden Forschungsbefunden kann die Selbstreflexion als ein wesentlicher Faktor für Veränderungsprozesse und vor allem für die Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen angenommen werden. In der Fortbildungsreihe zum förder- und kompetenzorientierten Unterrichten wurden die Lehrpersonen jeweils zu Beginn jeder Veranstaltung zur Reflexion angeleitet über die umgesetzten Fortbildungsinhalte sowie deren Wirkung auf die Schülerinnen und Schüler. Hierzu sind weitergehende Forschungen wünschenswert, um auf der Grundlage entsprechender Befunde wirksame Fortbildungsangebote gestalten zu können. Weiterer Klärungsbedarf besteht hinsichtlich der Implementation von Fortbil¬dungsinhalten in die Unterrichtspraxis. In der vorliegenden empirischen Studie konnte insbesondere durch die Follow-Up-Erhebung gezeigt werden, dass die Umsetzung und Implementation der Fortbildungsinhalte gelungen zu sein scheint und die Verbesserung der Nutzung von Prinzipien, Instrumenten und Verfahren zum förder- und kompetenzorientierten Unterrichten sowie die Steigerung der Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen erkennbar sind. Dabei gilt als einschränkend zu bedenken, dass es sich bei den erhobenen Werten um Selbstauskünfte der Teilnehmer/-innen handelt. Gleichwohl kann insbesondere der signifikante Zuwachs in den Selbstwirksamkeitserwartungen als bedeutsam eingeschätzt werden, nachdem durch Forschungsbefunde nachdrücklich darauf verwiesen wird, dass gerade Überzeugungen von Lehrpersonen schwer zugänglich und veränderbar sind. ..

The dynamics of the G protein-coupled neuropeptide Y2 receptor in monounsaturated membranes investigated by solid-state NMR spectroscopy

In contrast to the static snapshots provided by protein crystallography, G protein-coupled receptors constitute a group of proteins with highly dynamic properties, which are required in the receptors’ function as signaling molecule. Here, the human neuropeptide Y2 receptor was reconstituted into a model membrane composed of monounsaturated phospholipids and solid-state NMR was used to characterize its dynamics. Qualitative static 15N NMR spectra and quantitative determination of 1H-13C order parameters through measurement of the 1H-13C dipolar couplings of the CH, CH2 and CH3 groups revealed axially symmetric motions of the whole molecule in the membrane and molecular fluctuations of varying amplitude from all molecular segments. The molecular order parameters (Sbackbone = 0.59-0.67, SCH2 = 0.41-0.51 and SCH3 = 0.22) obtained in directly polarized 13C NMR experiments demonstrate that the Y2 receptor is highly mobile in the native-like membrane. Interestingly, according to these results the receptor was found to be slightly more rigid in the membranes formed by the monounsaturated phospholipids than by saturated phospholipids as investigated previously. This could be caused by an increased chain length of the monounsaturated lipids, which may result in a higher helical content of the receptor. Furthermore, the incorporation of cholesterol, phosphatidylethanolamine, or negatively charged phosphatidylserine into the membrane did not have a significant influence on the molecular mobility of the Y2 receptor

The dynamics of the G protein-coupled neuropeptide Y2 receptor in monounsaturated membranes investigated by solid-state NMR spectroscopy

In contrast to the static snapshots provided by protein crystallography, G protein-coupled receptors constitute a group of proteins with highly dynamic properties, which are required in the receptors’ function as signaling molecule. Here, the human neuropeptide Y2 receptor was reconstituted into a model membrane composed of monounsaturated phospholipids and solid-state NMR was used to characterize its dynamics. Qualitative static 15N NMR spectra and quantitative determination of 1H-13C order parameters through measurement of the 1H-13C dipolar couplings of the CH, CH2 and CH3 groups revealed axially symmetric motions of the whole molecule in the membrane and molecular fluctuations of varying amplitude from all molecular segments. The molecular order parameters (Sbackbone = 0.59-0.67, SCH2 = 0.41-0.51 and SCH3 = 0.22) obtained in directly polarized 13C NMR experiments demonstrate that the Y2 receptor is highly mobile in the native-like membrane. Interestingly, according to these results the receptor was found to be slightly more rigid in the membranes formed by the monounsaturated phospholipids than by saturated phospholipids as investigated previously. This could be caused by an increased chain length of the monounsaturated lipids, which may result in a higher helical content of the receptor. Furthermore, the incorporation of cholesterol, phosphatidylethanolamine, or negatively charged phosphatidylserine into the membrane did not have a significant influence on the molecular mobility of the Y2 receptor