Regulate artificial intelligence to avert cyber arms race

This paper argues that there is an urgent need for an international doctrine for cyberspace skirmishes before they escalate into conventional warfare

THE TRANSATLANTIC DEFENCE R&D GAP: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND CONTROVERSIES

This paper describes the huge gap in defence R&D expenditure between the United States and Western Europe, considers the causes and consequences of this transatlantic defence R&D gap and analyses some of the controversies that surround it. The paper notes that concerns about the R&D gap are as old as NATO itself and should be placed in the context of wider debates about transatlantic burden-sharing. Current efforts to promote European cooperation on defence R&D may help Europe to spend more wisely in the future but will do little to reduce a transatlantic gap that has at its heart profound differences in strategic outlook between the United States and Europe.Defence R&D, Transatlantic relations, NATO, Burden-sharing, European science and technology policy,