Ein neuer Ansatz für die Trockenseparierung von Mikroaggregaten mit unterschiedlicher Textur zur Messung der mechanischen Belastbarkeit und 3D-Porenstruktur

Die Bodenstruktur als Ausdruck der räumlichen Anordnung mineralischer und organischer Bodenbestandteile ist eine zentrale Charakteristik des Bodens. Sie steuert viele wichtige biologische, physikalische und geochemische Prozesse, wie die Rolle des Bodens als Kohlenstoffspeicher oder die Ausbildung bzw. Verteilung von Habitaten für Mikroorganismen. Die Bodenstruktur, deren einfachste Einheit die Aggregate bilden, befindet sich als labile Bodeneigenschaft in einem Zustand ständiger Veränderung. Die Eigenschaften der Aggregate werden durch viele Einflussfaktoren wie Textur, Alter, Quellung und Schrumpfung, sowie die biologische Aktivität gesteuert. Eines der Hauptprobleme bei der Untersuchung der Eigenschaften von Mikroaggregaten im Boden ist deren Separierung. Viele Separierungs-Methoden üben Spannungszustände aus, die die realen Bedingungen im Boden nur sehr bedingt abbilden. So werden z. B. bei Nasssiebungsverfahren hydraulische Spannungen erzeugt, die unter natürlichen Bedingungen nicht auftreten. Hierin liegt ein Risiko, dass Artefakte in den gewonnenen Aggregatfraktionen entstehen (z. B. durch Reaggregierung bei anschließender Trocknung) und die weitere Analyse von Eigenschaften dieser Aggregatfraktionen, bzw. deren Interpretation beeinflussen. Übergeordnetes Ziel unserer Untersuchungen ist die Erforschung der Genese von Mikroaggregaten und deren (Poren‑)Eigenschaften in Abhängigkeit von Texturunterschieden, sowie des Zusammenhangs von mikroskaligen Deformationsprozessen auf die Entwicklung der Bodenstruktur. Hierfür haben wir mit einem Verfahren der Trockenseparierung in drei Aggregatgrößen-Unterklassen (250-53, 53-20 und <20 µm) eine zuverlässige Methode zur Isolierung einzelner Mikroaggregate entwickelt, welche die Struktur der gewonnenen Aggregate selbst nicht beeinflusst. In einem nächsten Schritt wird die mechanische Belastbarkeit von Mikroaggregaten aus einer Toposequenz (mit unterschiedlichen Tongehalten) an einem Lastrahmen hochauflösend getestet, um die Hypothese zu überprüfen, dass die Stabilität mit abnehmender struktureller Entropie (d. h. zunehmendem Grad an Strukturierung) zunimmt. Des Weiteren wird die Geometrie des Porennetzwerkes der Mikroaggregate mit unterschiedlichen Tongehalten mittels hochauflösender Computertomographie untersucht, um diese später mit gemessenen Gas- und Wasserflüssen in Verbindung bringen zu können

Estimativas de herdabilidade para peso foliar de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) por ocasião da primeira poda de produção.

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A correção do drift instrumental em ICP-AES com espectrômetro seqüencial e a análise de elementos maiores, menores e traços em rochas

Analytical results of major, minor and trace elements are presented, which were obtained on international rock reference materiais during the development of work routines in the ICP-AES Laboratory, Mineralogy and Petrology Department, Instituto de Geociências, São Paulo University. Analyses were performed on an ARL-3410 model with sequential spectrometer using solutions obtained by alkaline fiision of 0.25 g of rock powder with 0.75 g of lithium tetra and metaborate (eutectic mixture), with a 1:1000 sample dilution (method used at the Imperial College, London). In order to minimize the effects of intensity drift, caused mostly by variations in the uptake conditions of the solution, strict procedures of drift controi and off-line correction were adopted. The results show good repeatability and maintain long-term precision, demonstrating that reliable analyses can be obtained by careful correction procedures. However, as it is not possible to controi short-term drift in sequential spectrometers, most of the analyses add up to between 98 and 101%; key major element ratios are nevertheless maintained, ensuring the quality of the analysis. The accuracy is reliable for the analyzed elements, which, besides major and minor elements, also include Zn, Ni, Cr, V, Zr, Sc, Y, La, Ba and Sr, and even for those notoriously difficult to analyze by ICP-AES, such as K, P and La.Apresentam-se resultados de análises químicas de elementos maiores e traços em materiais de referência de rochas, obtidos durante o desenvolvimento de rotina analítica no Laboratório de Química e ICP-AES do Departamento de Mineralogia e Petrologia do Instituto de Geociências da USP. As análises, realizadas em equipamento ARL-3410 dotado de espectrômetro seqüencial, foram efetuadas em soluções obtidas por fusão alcalina, com misturas de 0,75 g de tetra e metaborato de lítio e de 0,25 g de pó de rocha, e diluição final dos analitos de 1:1000 (metodologia do Imperial College, Londres). Para mmimizar os efeitos de drift, provenientes especialmente de variações nas condições de introdução da amostra no plasma, adotam-se procedimentos rígidos de controle e correção off-line da flutuação do sinal. Os resultados apresentam boa repetibilidade e precisão a longo intervalo, refletindo a eficiência usualmente alcançada pelo procedimento adotado. Em vista da dificuldade de corrigir o drift de pequeno intervalo em plasmas dotados de espectrômetro seqüencial, os fechamentos das análises são variáveis entre 98 e 101%, mas as relações entre os elementos maiores se mantêm constantes, garantindo a qualidade dos resultados. A exatidão é satisfatória para todo o conjunto de elementos por ora estudado (além dos maiores e menores, ainda Zn, Ni, Cr, V, Zr, Sc, Y, La, Sr e Ba), mesmo para aqueles de determinação mais difícil no ICP-AES, como K, P e La

Evaluation of the volatility basis-set approach for the simulation of organic aerosol formation in the Mexico City metropolitan area

New primary and secondary organic aerosol modules have been added to PMCAMx, a three dimensional chemical transport model (CTM), for use with the SAPRC99 chemistry mechanism based on recent smog chamber studies. The new modeling framework is based on the volatility basis-set approach: both primary and secondary organic components are assumed to be semivolatile and photochemically reactive and are distributed in logarithmically spaced volatility bins. This new framework with the use of the new volatility basis parameters for low-NOx [low - NO subscript x] and high-NOx [high - NO subscript x] conditions tends to predict 4–6 times higher anthropogenic SOA concentrations than those predicted with older generation of models. The resulting PMCAMx-2008 was applied in Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) for approximately a week during April of 2003. The emission inventory, which uses as starting point the MCMA 2004 official inventory, is modified and the primary organic aerosol (POA) emissions are distributed by volatility based on dilution experiments. The predicted organic aerosol (OA) concentrations peak in the center of Mexico City reaching values above 40 μg [mu g] m−3 [m superscript -3]. The model predictions are compared with Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (AMS) observations and their Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis. The model reproduces both Hydrocarbon-like Organic Aerosol (HOA) and Oxygenated Organic Aerosol (OOA) concentrations and diurnal profiles. The small OA underprediction during the rush hour periods and overprediction in the afternoon suggest potential improvements to the description of fresh primary organic emissions and the formation of the oxygenated organic aerosols respectively, although they may also be due to errors in the simulation of dispersion and vertical mixing. However, the AMS OOA data are not specific enough to prove that the model reproduces the organic aerosol observations for the right reasons. Other combinations of contributions of primary, aged primary, and secondary organic aerosol production rates may lead to similar results. The model results suggest strongly that during the simulated period transport of OA from outside the city was a significant contributor to the observed OA levels. Future simulations should use a larger domain in order to test whether the regional OA can be predicted with current SOA parameterizations. Sensitivity tests indicate that the predicted OA concentration is especially sensitive to the volatility distribution of the emissions in the lower volatility bins.Seventh Framework Programme (European Commission)European UnionMEGAPOLI (Project) (Grant agreement no. 212520)Molina Center for Energy and the EnvironmentUnited States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Office of Global Programs (Grant NA08OAR4310565)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant ATM-0528634)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant ATM-0528227)United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Biological and Environmental Research. Atmospheric Science Program (DEFG0208ER64627

Long-range Kondo signature of a single magnetic impurity

The Kondo effect, one of the oldest correlation phenomena known in condensed matter physics, has regained attention due to scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) experiments performed on single magnetic impurities. Despite the sub-nanometer resolution capability of local probe techniques one of the fundamental aspects of Kondo physics, its spatial extension, is still subject to discussion. Up to now all STS studies on single adsorbed atoms have shown that observable Kondo features rapidly vanish with increasing distance from the impurity. Here we report on a hitherto unobserved long range Kondo signature for single magnetic atoms of Fe and Co buried under a Cu(100) surface. We present a theoretical interpretation of the measured signatures using a combined approach of band structure and many-body numerical renormalization group (NRG) calculations. These are in excellent agreement with the rich spatially and spectroscopically resolved experimental data.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures + 8 pages supplementary material; Nature Physics (Jan 2011 - advanced online publication

Major components of atmospheric organic aerosol in southern California as determined by hourly measurements of source marker compounds

We report the first hourly in-situ measurements of speciated organic aerosol (OA) composition in an urban environment. Field measurements were made in southern California at the University of California–Riverside during the 2005 Study of Organic Aerosol at Riverside (SOAR), which included two separate measurement periods: a summer study (15 July–15 August) and a fall study (31 October–28 November). Hourly measurements of over 300 semivolatile and nonvolatile organic compounds were made using the thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph (TAG). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was performed on a subset of these compounds to identify major components contributing to submicron (i.e., PM₁) OA at the site, as measured by an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). PMF analysis was performed on an 11-day focus period in each season, representing average seasonal conditions during the summer and a period of urban influence during the fall. As a result of this analysis, we identify multiple types of primary and secondary OA (POA and SOA). Secondary sources contribute substantially to fine OA mass at Riverside, which commonly receives regional air masses that pass through metropolitan Los Angeles during the summer. Four individual summertime SOA components are defined, and when combined, they are estimated to contribute an average 88% of the total fine OA mass during summer afternoons according to PMF results. These sources appear to be mostly from the oxidation of anthropogenic precursor gases, with one SOA component having contributions from oxygenated biogenics. During the fall, three out of four aerosol components that contain SOA are inseparable from covarying primary emissions, and therefore we cannot estimate the fraction of total OA that is secondary in nature during the fall study. Identified primary OA components are attributed to vehicle emissions, food cooking, primary biogenics, and biomass burning aerosol. While a distinction between local and regional vehicle emissions is made, a combination of these two factors accounted for approximately 11% of observed submicron OA during both sampling periods. Food cooking operations contributed ~10% of submicron OA mass during the summer, but was not separable from SOA during the fall due to high covariance of sources. Biomass burning aerosol contributed a larger fraction of fine OA mass during the fall (~11%) than compared to summer (~7%). Primary biogenic aerosol was also identified during the summer, contributing ~1% of the OA, but not during the fall. While the contribution of both local and regional primary vehicle OA accounts for only ~11% of total OA during both seasons, gas-phase vehicle emissions likely create a substantial fraction of the observed SOA as a result of atmospheric processing

Electromechanically active pair dynamics in a Gd-doped ceria single crystal

Oxygen-defective ceria, e.g. Gd-doped ceria, shows giant electromechanical properties related to a complex local rearrangement of its lattice. Although they are not entirely identified, the electroactive mechanisms arise from cation and oxygen vacancy (V-O) pairs (i.e. Ce-V-O), and the local structural elastic distortion in their surroundings. Here, we study the geometry and behaviour of Ce-V-O pairs in a grain boundary-free bulk Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 single crystal under an AC electric field of ca. 11 kV cm(-1). The analysis was carried out through X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) techniques at the Ce L-III edge. Using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, we investigated the effects of the strain on density of states and orbitals at the valence band edge. Our research indicates that electrostriction increases at low temperatures. The electromechanical strain has a structural nature and can rise by one order of magnitude, i.e., from 5 x 10(-4) at room temperature to 5 x 10(-3) at -193 degrees C, due to an increase in the population of the electrically active pairs. At a constant V-O concentration, the material can thus configure heterogeneous pairs and elastic nanodomains that are either mechanically responsive or not

Determination of Deuteron Beam Polarizations at COSY

The vector and tensor polarizations of a deuteron beam have been measured using elastic deuteron-carbon scattering at 75.6 MeV and deuteron-proton scattering at 270 MeV. After acceleration to 1170 MeV inside the COSY ring, the polarizations of the deuterons were checked by studying a variety of nuclear reactions using a cluster target at the ANKE magnet spectrometer placed at an internal target position of the storage ring. All these measurements were consistent with the absence of depolarization during acceleration and provide a number of secondary standards that can be used in subsequent experiments at the facility.Comment: 12 pages, 13 figure