23 research outputs found
Recognition memory, self-other source memory, and theory-of-mind in children with autism spectrum disorder.
This study investigated semantic and episodic memory in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), using a task which assessed recognition and self-other source memory. Children with ASD showed undiminished recognition memory but significantly diminished source memory, relative to age- and verbal ability-matched comparison children. Both children with and without ASD showed an “enactment effect”, demonstrating significantly better recognition and source memory for self-performed actions than other-person-performed actions. Within the comparison group, theory-of-mind (ToM) task performance was significantly correlated with source memory, specifically for other-person-performed actions (after statistically controlling for verbal ability). Within the ASD group, ToM task performance was not significantly correlated with source memory (after controlling for verbal ability). Possible explanations for these relations between source memory and ToM are considered
The Good, the Bad, and the Rare: Memory for Partners in Social Interactions
For cooperation to evolve via direct reciprocity, individuals must track their partners' behavior to avoid exploitation. With increasing size of the interaction group, however, memory becomes error prone. To decrease memory effort, people could categorize partners into types, distinguishing cooperators and cheaters. We explored two ways in which people might preferentially track one partner type: remember cheaters or remember the rare type in the population. We assigned participants to one of three interaction groups which differed in the proportion of computer partners' types (defectors rare, equal proportion, or cooperators rare). We extended research on both hypotheses in two ways. First, participants experienced their partners repeatedly by interacting in Prisoner's Dilemma games. Second, we tested categorization of partners as cooperators or defectors in memory tests after a short and long retention interval (10 min and 1 week). Participants remembered rare partner types better than they remembered common ones at both retention intervals. We propose that the flexibility of responding to the environment suggests an ecologically rational memory strategy in social interactions
Who’s funny: Gender stereotypes, humor production, and memory bias
It has often been asserted, by both men and women, that men are funnier. We explored two possible explanations for such a view, first testing whether men, when instructed to be as funny as possible, write funnier cartoon captions than do women, and second examining whether there is a tendency to falsely remember funny things as having been produced by men. A total of 32 participants, half from each gender, wrote captions for 20 cartoons. Raters then indicated the humor success of these captions. Raters of both genders found the captions written by males funnier, though this preference was significantly stronger among the male raters. In the second experiment, male and female participants were presented with the funniest and least funny captions from the first experiment, along with the caption author's gender. On a memory test, both females and males disproportionately misattributed the humorous captions to males and the nonhumorous captions to females. Men might think men are funnier because they actually find them so, but though women rated the captions written by males slightly higher, our data suggest that they may regard men as funnier more because they falsely attribute funny things to them.</p
Hierarchical modeling of contingency-based source monitoring: A test of the probability-matching account
Expectancy effects in source memory: how moving to a bad neighborhood can change your memory
Spinoza’s error: Memory for truth and falsity
Two theoretical frameworks have been proposed to
account for the representation of truth and falsity in human
memory: the Cartesian model and the Spinozan model. Both
models presume that during information processing a mental
representation of the information is stored along with a tag
indicating its truth value. However, the two models disagree
on the nature of these tags. According to the Cartesian model,
true information receives a “true” tag and false information
receives a “false” tag. In contrast, the Spinozan model claims
that only false information receives a “false” tag, whereas
untagged information is automatically accepted as true. To
test the Cartesian and Spinozan models, we conducted two
source memory experiments in which participants studied true
and false trivia statements from three different sources differing
in credibility (i.e., presenting 100% true, 50% true and
50% false, or 100% false statements). In Experiment 1, half of
the participants were informed about the source credibility
prior to the study phase. As compared to a control group, this
precue group showed improved source memory for both true
and false statements, but not for statements with an uncertain
validity status. Moreover, memory did not differ for truth and
falsity in the precue group. As Experiment 2 revealed, this
finding is replicated even when using a 1-week rather than a
20-min retention interval between study and test phases. The
results of both experiments clearly contradict the Spinozan
model but can be explained in terms of the Cartesian model