Medical applications of EPR

Selected applications of continuous-wave EPR in medicine are reviewed. This includes detection of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, pH measurements and oxymetry. Applications of EPR imaging are demonstrated on selected examples and future developments to faster imaging methods are discussed

Diffusion pathways of hydrogen across the steps of a vicinal Si(001) surface

Hydrogen diffusion across DB steps on Si(001) surfaces is investigated by means of variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and first-principles calculations. Experimentally, the hopping rate for diffusion from the step sites to the Si dimers of the upper terrace was found to be more than one order of magnitude higher than that for diffusion to the lower terrace. This clear preference, opposite to the trend for the respective binding energies, is explained by first-principles calculations that identify a metastable intermediate to be responsible for the unexpected lowering of the energy barrier for upward diffusion

Quantum Monte Carlo calculations of H2_2 dissociation on Si(001)

We present quantum Monte Carlo calculations for various reaction pathways of H$_2$ with Si(001), using large model clusters of the surface. We obtain reaction energies and energy barriers noticeably higher than those from approximate exchange-correlation functionals. In improvement over previous studies, our adsorption barriers closely agree with experimental data. For desorption, the calculations give barriers for conventional pathways in excess of the presently accepted experimental value, and pinpoint the role of coverage effects and desorption from steps.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur

Highly site-specific H2 adsorption on vicinal Si(001) surfaces

Experimental and theoretical results for the dissociative adsorption of H_2 on vicinal Si(001) surfaces are presented. Using optical second-harmonic generation, sticking probabilities at the step sites are found to exceed those on the terraces by up to six orders of magnitude. Density functional theory calculations indicate the presence of direct adsorption pathways for monohydride formation but with a dramatically lowered barrier for step adsorption due to an efficient rehybridization of dangling orbitals.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. (1998). Other related publications can be found at http://www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/paper.htm

Molekulare Analyse der metabolischen Resistenz in Acker-Fuchsschwanz

Um Kandidatengene für die metabolische Herbizid-Resistenz zu erfassen, wurde mithilfe eines „Transcriptomics“-Ansatz ein quantitativer Vergleich der Genexpression zwischen sensitiven und resistenten Biotypen des Acker-Fuchsschwanzs (ALOMY) durchgeführt. Ausgehend von einem metabolisch resistenten Biotyp wurde im ersten Schritt mithilfe eines „paired-end“ RNA-Seq Protokolls ein Referenz-Transkriptom für ALOMY aus unbehandelten und Herbizid-behandelten Pflanzen erstellt. Im zweiten Schritt wurde die Genexpression in verschiedenen metabolisch resistenten ALOMY-Biotypen sowie in einer repräsentativen Auswahl an sensitiven Wildtyp-Biotypen mithilfe einer 3´-spezifischen RNA-Sequenzierung bestimmt und mit dem Referenztranskriptom abgeglichen. Durch Vergleich der Expressionshöhe einzelner Gene in Wildtyp und resistenten ALOMY Biotypen wurden Kandidatengene aus der Gruppe der Glutathion-Transferasen identifiziert. Weitere Analysen werden notwendig sein, um eine enge Korrelation mit der metabolischen Resistenz zu verifizieren. Stichwörter: ALOMY, Acker-Fuchsschwanz, Glutathion S-Transferase, MACE, metabolische Resistenz, Referenztranskriptom Molecular analysis of metabolic resistance in blackgrass Abstract A transcriptomics approach was chosen in order to determine candidate genes for metabolic herbicide resistance in a quantitative comparison of expressed genes in sensitive wild type and resistant blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides = ALOMY) plants. Firstly a reference transcriptome for blackgrass was established by means of a paired-end RNA-Seq protocol prepared from control and herbicide treated plants from a metabolic resistant biotype. Secondly gene expression was measured in different metabolic resistant ALOMY biotypes and a representative selection of sensitive wild type plants using a 3´-specific RNA sequencing strategy and related to the reference transcriptome. By comparing expression levels for individual genes in wild type and resistant blackgrass biotypes candidate genes from the group of glutathione transferases were identified. Further analyses will be necessary in order to verify a close correlation with the metabolic resistance. Keywords: ALOMY, blackgrass, MACE, non-target site resistance, reference transcriptome, RNA-Se

Cardiac rehabilitation in Austria: long term health-related quality of life outcomes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The goal of cardiac rehabilitation programs is not only to prolong life but also to improve physical functioning, symptoms, well-being, and health-related quality of life (HRQL). The aim of this study was to document the long-term effect of a 1-month inpatient cardiac rehabilitation intervention on HRQL in Austria.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Patients (N = 487, 64.7% male, age 60.9 ± 12.5 SD years) after myocardial infarction, with or without percutaneous interventions, coronary artery bypass grafting or valve surgery underwent inpatient cardiac rehabilitation and were included in this long-term observational study (two years follow-up). HRQL was measured with both the MacNew Heart Disease Quality of Life Instrument [MacNew] and EuroQoL-5D [EQ-5D].</p> <p>Results</p> <p>All MacNew scale scores improved significantly (p < 0.001) and exceeded the minimal important difference (0.5 MacNew points) by the end of rehabilitation. Although all MacNew scale scores deteriorated significantly over the two year follow-up period (p < .001), all MacNew scale scores still remained significantly higher than the pre-rehabilitation values. The mean improvement after two years in the MacNew social scale exceeded the minimal important difference while MacNew scale scores greater than the minimal important difference were reported by 40-49% of the patients.</p> <p>Two years after rehabilitation the mean improvement in the EQ-5D Visual Analogue Scale score was not significant with no significant change in the proportion of patients reporting problems at this time.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These findings provide a first indication that two years following inpatient cardiac rehabilitation in Austria, the long-term improvements in HRQL are statistically significant and clinically relevant for almost 50% of the patients. Future controlled randomized trials comparing different cardiac rehabilitation programs are needed.</p

Electronic Structure of Titanylphthalocyanine Layers on Ag(111)

We have investigated the electronic structures of axially oxo functionalized titanylphthalocyanine (TiOPc) on Ag(111) by X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies, two-photon photoemission, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism. Furthermore, we use complementary data of TiOPc on graphite and planar copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) on Ag(111) for a comparative analysis. Both molecules adsorb on Ag(111) in a parallel orientation to the surface, for TiOPc with an oxygen-up configuration. The interaction of nitrogen and carbon atoms with the substrate is similar for both molecules, while the bonding of the titanium atom to Ag(111) in the monolayer is found to be slightly more pronounced than in the CuPc case. Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy reveals an occupation of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level in monolayer thick TiOPc on Ag(111) related to the interaction of the molecules and the silver substrate. This molecule-metal interaction also causes an upward shift of the Ag(111) Shockley state that is transformed into an unoccupied interface state with energies of 0.23 and 0.33 eV for the TiOPc monolayer and bilayer, respectively, at the Brillouin zone center

Buildup and dephasing of Floquet-Bloch bands on subcycle time scales

Strong light fields have created spectacular opportunities to tailor novel functionalities of solids. Floquet-Bloch states can form under periodic driving of electrons and enable exotic quantum phases. On subcycle time scales, lightwaves can simultaneously drive intraband currents and interband transitions, which enable high-harmonic generation (HHG) and pave the way towards ultrafast electronics. Yet, the interplay of intra- and interband excitations as well as their relation with Floquet physics have been key open questions as dynamical aspects of Floquet states have remained elusive. Here we provide this pivotal link by pioneering the ultrafast buildup of Floquet-Bloch bands with time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. We drive surface states on a topological insulator with mid-infrared fields - strong enough for HHG - and directly monitor the transient band structure with subcycle time resolution. Starting with strong intraband currents, we observe how Floquet sidebands emerge within a single optical cycle; intraband acceleration simultaneously proceeds in multiple sidebands until high-energy electrons scatter into bulk states and dissipation destroys the Floquet bands. Quantum nonequilibrium calculations explain the simultaneous occurrence of Floquet states with intra- and interband dynamics. Our joint experiment-theory study opens up a direct time-domain view of Floquet physics and explores the fundamental frontiers of ultrafast band-structure engineering.Comment: 45 pages, 4 figures, 10 extended data figure

Dynamic image potential at an Al(111) surface

We evaluate the electronic self-energy Sigma(E) at an Al(111) surface using the GW space-time method. This self-energy automatically includes the image potential V-im not present in any local-density approximation for exchange and correlation. We solve the energy-dependent quasiparticle equations and calculate the effective local potential experienced by electrons in the near-surface region. The relative contribution of exchange proves to be very different for states above the Fermi level. The image-plane position for interacting electrons is closer to the surface than for the purely electrostatic effects felt by test charges, and, like its classical counterpart, is drawn inwards by the effects of atomic structure