Trading inequality? Insights from the two globalizations in Latin America

Trade flows among countries have increased dramatically during the last globalization episode creating new winners and losers between and within countries. This paper revisits the contested topic of the impact of globalization on within-country inequality in Latin America from a historical perspective. By comparing the two globalization waves (1870-1914, 1970-present) we look at the link between globalization and inequality. Many Latin American countries are still dependent on exporting raw materials, lack an efficient manufacturing sector, and exhibit the highest inequality rates in the world. One hundred years ago, several decades after independence, the region was also highly unequal, specialized in a handful of commodity exports, and had not made the transition to industrialization. The results indicate that the effect of globalization on inequality operates mainly inducing changes in factor endowments while the adoption of labor-saving technologies appears influential in both periods

Desenvolvimento comercial ou desenvolvimento do comércio? O comércio da república Dominicana, políticas e efeitos na perspectiva histórica

The Dominican Republic’s partaking in the global economy has fluctuated significantly since post-colonial times. This paper follows this country’s journey in and out of the world markets since 1880s by analysing the role of the export sector within the economy and the impact on development. We are interested in whether the DR developed due to the expansion of trade or if actually trade hampereddevelopment. We find that the integration to the world economy has been costly, as the volatility of the terms of trade and capital flows increased the country’svulnerability. The implemented governmental policies introduced distortions to the economy and achieved few gains in terms of economic development. Export diversification arrived relatively late to the DR, and the effects on development have been divergent, as far as improving trade balance, promoting diversification,building human capital, and creating employment.La integración de la Republica Dominicana en la economía global ha fluctuado considerablemente desde la época colonial. Este artículo explora el viaje de este país en relación a los mercados internacionales mediante el análisis del sector exportadory su impacto en la economía local y en el desarrollo económico en general. Nuestro interés radica en evaluar el rol de comercio internacional en el desarrollo de la República Dominicana utilizando una perspectiva de largo plazo.L’intégration de la République Dominicaine dans l’économie globale a considérablement fluctué depuis l’époque coloniale. Cet article explore le parcours de ce pays en ce qui concerne son insertion dans les marchés internationaux, par le biais del’analyse du secteur exportateur et son impact dans l’économie locale et dans le développement économique en général. Nous tenons à évaluer le rôle du commerce international dans le développement de la République Dominicaine en utilisant uneperspective à long terme.A integração da República Dominicana na economia global tem flutuado consideravelmente desde a época colonial. Este artigo explora a viagem deste país em relação aos mercados internacionais, analisando o setor de exportação e seu impacto sobre a economia local e no desenvolvimento econômico em geral. O nosso interesse radica em avaliar o papel do comércio internacional no desenvolvimento da República Dominicana usando uma perspectiva de longo prazo

Evaluation of appendicitis risk prediction models in adults with suspected appendicitis

Background Appendicitis is the most common general surgical emergency worldwide, but its diagnosis remains challenging. The aim of this study was to determine whether existing risk prediction models can reliably identify patients presenting to hospital in the UK with acute right iliac fossa (RIF) pain who are at low risk of appendicitis. Methods A systematic search was completed to identify all existing appendicitis risk prediction models. Models were validated using UK data from an international prospective cohort study that captured consecutive patients aged 16–45 years presenting to hospital with acute RIF in March to June 2017. The main outcome was best achievable model specificity (proportion of patients who did not have appendicitis correctly classified as low risk) whilst maintaining a failure rate below 5 per cent (proportion of patients identified as low risk who actually had appendicitis). Results Some 5345 patients across 154 UK hospitals were identified, of which two‐thirds (3613 of 5345, 67·6 per cent) were women. Women were more than twice as likely to undergo surgery with removal of a histologically normal appendix (272 of 964, 28·2 per cent) than men (120 of 993, 12·1 per cent) (relative risk 2·33, 95 per cent c.i. 1·92 to 2·84; P < 0·001). Of 15 validated risk prediction models, the Adult Appendicitis Score performed best (cut‐off score 8 or less, specificity 63·1 per cent, failure rate 3·7 per cent). The Appendicitis Inflammatory Response Score performed best for men (cut‐off score 2 or less, specificity 24·7 per cent, failure rate 2·4 per cent). Conclusion Women in the UK had a disproportionate risk of admission without surgical intervention and had high rates of normal appendicectomy. Risk prediction models to support shared decision‐making by identifying adults in the UK at low risk of appendicitis were identified

The Dominican Republic trade, policies, and effects in historical perspective: Trading development or developing trade?

The Dominican Republic's partaking in the global economy has fluctuated significantly since post-colonial times. This paper follows this country's journey in and out of the world markets since 1880s by analysing the role of the export sector within the economy and the impact on development. We are interested in whether the DR developed due to the expansion of trade or if actually trade hampered development. We find that the integration to the world economy has been costly, as the volatility of the terms of trade and capital flows increased the country's vulnerability. The implemented governmental policies introduced distortions to the economy and achieved few gains in terms of economic development. Export diversification arrived relatively late to the DR, and the effects on development have been divergent, as far as improving trade balance, promoting diversification, building human capital, and creating employment.L'intégration de la République Dominicaine dans l'économie globale a considérablement fluctué depuis l'époque coloniale. Cet article explore le parcours de ce pays en ce qui concerne son insertion dans les marchés internationaux, par le biais de l'analyse du secteur exportateur et son impact dans l'économie locale et dans le développement économique en général. Nous tenons à évaluer le rôle du commerce international dans le développement de la République Dominicaine en utilisant une perspective à long terme.A integração da República Dominicana na economia global tem flutuado consideravelmente desde a época colonial. Este artigo explora a viagem deste país em relação aos mercados internacionais, analisando o setor de exportação e seu impacto sobre a economia local e no desenvolvimento econômico em geral. O nosso interesse radica em avaliar o papel do comércio internacional no desenvolvimento da República Dominicana usando uma perspectiva de longo prazo.La integración de la Republica Dominicana en la economía global ha fluctuado considerablemente desde la época colonial. Este artículo explora el viaje de este país en relación a los mercados internacionales mediante el análisis del sector exportador y su impacto en la economía local y en el desarrollo económico en general. Nuestro interés radica en evaluar el rol de comercio internacional en el desarrollo de la República Dominicana utilizando una perspectiva de largo plazo