Undecidability in macroeconomics

In this paper we study the difficulty of solving problems in economics. For this purpose, we adopt the notion of undecidability from recursion theory. We show that certain problems in economics are undecidable, i.e., cannot be solved by a Turing Machine, a device that is at least as powerful as any computational device that can be constructed. In particular, we prove that even in finite closed economies subject to a variable initial condition, in which a social planner knows the behavior of every agent in the economy, certain important social planning problems are undecidable. Thus, it may be impossible to make effective policy decisions. Philosophically, this result formally brings into question the Rational Expectations Hypothesis which assumes that each agent is able to determine what it should do if it wishes to maximize its utility. We show that even when an optimal rational forecast exists for each agency (based on the information currently available to it), agents may lack the ability to make these forecasts. For example, Lucas describes economic models as 'mechanical, artificial world(s), populated by ... interacting robots'. Since any mechanical robot can be at most as computationally powerful as a Turing Machine, such economies are vulnerable to the phenomenon of undecidability

Giant Mesenchymal Hepatic Hamartomas With Adrenal Involvement Precipitating Respiratory Failure: A Myxomatous Mystery in a Three-Month-Old.

The combination of placental mesenchymal dysplasia and hepatic mesenchymal hamartomas is an extremely rare finding. We present the case of a three-month-old female born at 35 weeks gestation with a history of placental mesenchymal dysplasia who presented with non-bilious, non-bloody emesis, and episodes of respiratory distress due to multiple enlarging abdominal cystic lesions. The patient\u27s presentation was unique due to both liver and adrenal solid and cystic lesions. After extensive imaging and multiple biopsies, expert interpretation of biopsy tissue revealed hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma within the liver and the adrenal gland. To our knowledge, this is one of the few documented cases of unresectable hepatic mesenchymal hamartomas with adrenal involvement successfully undergoing a whole liver transplant

Design of a Portable Device for ECG Signal Acquisition And its Transmission Using Bluetooth For Diagnostic Analysis

In the period of developing innovation, the anticipation to live more has expanded many-a-folds. If a patient prefers to visit a doctors on a day to day basis for tests like stress level detection, ECG or blood pressure tests the expenditure becomes too high. It even gets worse in remote areas where the costly equipment for the mentioned test are not available. In this paper idea about a portable device is presented, which is meant to be a portable and easy to use medical equipment for acquiring ECG signal. The raw signal generated on the human body surface due the polarization and depolarization of heart is acquired through a hand held module and transmitted to a laptop/mobile for analysis. In this way regular health check can be done with ease. Using a 3 lead ECG sensors, real time data is obtained directly from the subject using a DAQ (Data Acquisition Module). Then it is transmitted using Bluetooth and microcontroller, and the final analysis and display part is done on the computer/laptop/phone. Hence a low cost, low power consuming device with higher connectivity options can make great changes in health care secto

Organic matter quality defined by 13C NMR spectroscopy explains nitrogen mineralization and soil aggregation better than C/N ratio

Soil organic matter (SOM) plays a key role in sustainable agricultural production by the improvement of physical, chemical and biological properties of soils. The decline in organic matter (OM) content of many soils is becoming a major process of soil infertility and degradation, particularly in European semi-arid Mediterranean regions. Organic amendments can increase SOM content, thus influence soil characteristics by the interdependent modification of biological, chemical and physical properties. Then, a better understanding of the impact of organic amendment on soil processes is required. The underlying hypothesis of this thesis is that the organic amendment can regulate soil processes which directly linked to its initial chemical characteristics. However, identifying and defining OM quality based on molecular composition is operationally difficult. In fact, OM contain multiple types of biomolecules with different aqueous solubility, and, hence, the different susceptibility to microbial decomposition (e.g. peptides, carbohydrates, lipids, lignin, organic acids, and polyphenols). Generally, lignin/N and C/N ratios are extensively used as descriptors of OM quality, but those simple indicators are not always give reliable information about their potential of effects on soil functions. In this context, several chemical throughput methods, such as pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, near infrared reflectance spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have been utilized to characterize OM at the molecular level. In particular, solid-state13C-CPMAS NMR spectra were found useful to provide an overview of the total organic chemical composition of complex matrices of SOM. This thesis showed that the chemical quality of OM, defined by solid-state 13C-CPMAS NMR spectra, can be an important indicator of soil functions, which explain nitrogen mineralization and soil aggregation process better than classical C/N and lignin/N ratio indices. Finally, modeling approach based on novel implementation of OM quality by 13C-CPMAS NMR, to purposely overcome the limitations of C/N as a single OM quality indicator and to explore the relationship between OM quality and soil structural stability. This thesis provides evidence for the importance of OM, and in particular its chemical quality, which influences soil processes by inter-depended modification of soil physical, chemical and biological parameters

Online Restaurant Table Booking System

In the world of technology, we can effortlessly get data about restaurant services with help of mobile internet. So here we develop a system for the online restaurant table booking system. In our system, there are four interfaces. In the first system user login into the Mobile application and search the restaurant according to the user location. Different hotels information are shown to the user with the live status of the restaurant table. The user can book the table from the application, pre-order the food stuff and make the payment through application.in the second system the hotel manager is provided an interface through which they manage the order of the customer and also update the dynamic menu of the restaurant. In the third system, the customer order details are shown on the kitchen display desktop and cookery staff serves the order when the order is cooked. In the fourth system, every table of the restaurant has a tablet which works as a digital menu card. The user can directly order the food from tablet available on the table and make the payment

Gryphon: An Information Flow Based Approach to Message Brokering

Gryphon is a distributed computing paradigm for message brokering, which is the transferring of information in the form of streams of events from information providers to information consumers. This extended abstract outlines the major problems in message brokering and Gryphon's approach to solving them.Comment: Two page extended abstrac

VAISHVANARA CHURNA – STANDARDIZATION, EVALUATION AND COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND PHARMACEUTICAL PROPERTIES

Vaishvanara Churna is an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation used traditionally as a Saraka (laxative), Shotaprasamana (anti-inflammatory) and for the treatment of Amavata (Rheumatoid Arthritis), management of Vibandha (Constipation), Udaravedana (abdominal pain), and Hridroga (heart disease). All the ingredients used in Ayurvedic formulations are of natural origin, owing to which the standardization of Ayurvedic formulations is difficult, which is the need of the hour. Vaishvanara Churna is one such Ayurvedic formulation. The Ayurvedic and other traditional systems of medicines are effective in curing several ailments, but the problem with them is they lack in satisfying quality assurance and quality control parameters, which help us recognize the quality of the formulation. Reliable clinical study data is not available, which thereby increases the scope of research in this area of medicine. This article aims at defining standards by comparing different marketed formulations and an in-house formulation for the evaluation of Vaishvanara Churna. Our study basically intends to highlight the variations observed in marketed samples of Ayurveda formulations, using Vaishvanara Churna as an example. It is an unbiased study and have no intentions to claim anyone of the samples is superior to the other. The Churna was evaluated for its pharmacognostic, pharmaceutical and microbial parameters. The results obtained were within the limits prescribed by Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia