160 research outputs found
On the sufficiency of transitive preferences
The assumption that preferences are transitive, or, roughly equivalently, that choice behavior satisfies the Weak Axiom of Revealed Preference, is at the core of much classical normative decision theory. This paper asks to what degree this restricts the possible outcomes of choice behavior: are there objectives that could not be attained by an agent adhering to WARP that could be attained by choices that would be said to be "intransitive"? It is argued that the answer to this question is "no" in one setting of choice under random budget sets any outcome obtained by intransitive choice methods can also be obtained by transitive ones.
The Theory of Theft: An Inspection Game Model of the Stolen Base Play in Baseball
This paper applies the theory of equilibrium in mixed strategies in an inspection game model to describe the strategic interaction in the stolen base play in baseball. A parsimonious simultaneous-move game model offers predictions about how the observable conduct of the teams on offense and defense responds as the characteristics of the players involved change. The theory organizes observations from play-by-play data from Major League Baseball, where highly-motivated, experienced professionals interact in an environment where private information is not significant.mixed strategy, Markov equilibrium, baseball
Raising Revenue With Raffles: Evidence from a Laboratory Experiment
Lottery and raffle mechanisms have a long history as economic institutions for raising funds. In a series of laboratory experiments we find that total spending in raffles is much higher than Nash equilibrium predicts. Moreover, this overspending is persistent as the number of participants in the raffle increases. Subjects as a group do not strategically reduce spending as group sizes increase, in contrast to the comparative statics theory provides. The lack of strategic response cannot be explained by learning direction theory or level- reasoning models, although quantal response equilibrium can fit the observed distribution of choices. Much of the observed spending levels in the larger groups cannot be explained by financial incentives.
Constitutional Law - Criminal Procedure - Habeas Corpus - Reaching the Merits of Successive and/or Abusive Petitions
The United States Supreme Court held that showing that a constitutional violation probably resulted in the conviction of one who is actually innocent will allow a court to reach the merits of a habeas corpus petition otherwise barred as successive and/or abusive.
Schlup v. Delo, 115 S. Ct. 851 (1995)
Modelling the effect of individual differences in punishment sensitivity on behaviour in a public goods game
Previous research on social dilemmas demonstrated that various forms of punishment for free-riding can increase contribution levels in public goods games. The way individual group members react to the possibility of punishment can be also affected by individual differences in punishment sensitivity. Therefore, depending individual differences in punishment sensitivity of group members, different levels of punishment can be more or less effective to prevent free riding behaviour. This paper uses agent-based modelling to model the effect of punishment sensitivity on contribution levels in a public goods game. The paper then examines the correlation between punishment sensitivity and variability of free riding behaviour under different punishment conditions
A Dynamic Homotopy Interpretation of Quantal Response Equilibrium Correspondences
This paper uses properties of the logistic quantal response equilibrium correspondence to compute Nash equilibria in nite games. It is shown that branches of the correspondence may be numerically traversed e ciently and securely. The method can be implemented on a multicomputer, allowing for application to large games. The path followed by the method has an interpretation analogous to Harsanyi and Selten's Tracing Procedure. As an application, it is shown that the principal branch of any quantal response equilibrium correspondence satisfying a monotonicity property converges to the risk-dominant equilibrium in 2x2 games.noncooperative games, computation of Nash equilibrium, quantal response, logit equilibrium.
Mathematics self-confidence and the "prepayment effect" in riskless choices
We extend the analysis of a riskless choice experiment reported recently by Hochman et al. (2014). Participants select from among sets of standard playing cards valued by a simple formula. In some sessions, participants are given a prepayment associated with some of the cards, which need not be the earnings-maximizing ones. Hochman et al. find that participants choose an earnings-maximizing card less frequently when another card is prepaid. We replicate this result under the original instructions, but not with instructions which explain the payment process more explicitly. Participants who state they do not consider themselves good at mathematics make earnings-maximizing choices much less frequently overall, but those who express self-confidence in mathematics drive the treatment effect. The results suggest that even when comparisons among choices require only simple quantitative reasoning steps, market designers and regulators may need to pay close attention to how the terms of offers are expressed, explained, and implemented
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That's the ticket: Explicit lottery randomisation and learning in Tullock contests
Most laboratory experiments studying Tullock contest games find that bids significantly exceed the risk-neutral equilibrium predictions. We test the generalisability of these results by comparing a typical experimental implementation of a contest against the familiar institution of a ticket-based raffle. We find that in the raffle (1) initial bid levels are significantly lower and (2) bids adjust more rapidly towards expected-earnings best responses. We demonstrate the robustness of our results by replicating them across two continents at two university labs with contrasting student profiles
Collegiate and University Athletic Trainers’ Use of Squat Based Gradable Movement Screens
Topics in Exercise Science and Kinesiology Volume 4: Issue 1, Article 8, 2023. Squat Based Gradable Movement Screens (SBGMS) are orthopedic assessments used to detect and develop rehabilitation plans for patients with poor movement patterns. Reported to limit the effects of injury related factors, SBGMS have become common techniques identified among several professional domains of Athletic Training practice; however, there is limited descriptive data regarding the implementation and extent SBGMS are used by practicing Athletic Trainers (ATs) within the collegiate or university settings. The purpose was to explore the utility of SBGMS among ATs and to investigate the characteristics of athletic trainers who use SBGMS clinically. Four thousand BOC-certified NATA member athletic trainers self-designating employment in the university/collegiate setting were invited to participate in an electronic Qualtrics Survey. Of the 350 respondents, the data from 256 (6.4%) of those respondents were complete and utilized in data analysis. The majority of respondents, 142 (55%) reported not using SBGMS in clinical practice. Chi-Square tests were used to analyze most data, while ANOVA and Scheffe techniques were used in select analyses. Significant (p\u3c.05) relationships existed between respondents’ use of SBGMS clinical and respondents’ gender (p = 0.012); gender of the respondents’ athletes (p = 0.016); respondents’ athletic division (p = 0.001); and in respondents who held professional credentials in addition to ATC (p = 0.005) from those data assessed using the Chi Square technique. Most respondents did not use SBGMs clinically. Respondents using SBGMS clinically were more likely to be male, work at the NCAA D1 setting, and work with single gender sport athletes. A more favorable clinician to athlete ratio and the presence of more resources, commonly found in the NCAA D1 setting, appear to influence the clinical use of SBGMS
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