89 research outputs found

    Green public procurement and eco-labels

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    Tutkielma kÀsittelee ympÀristönÀkökohtien kÀyttöÀ julkisten hankintojen ohjaamisessa EU-oikeuden nÀkökulmasta. ErityisenÀ tarkastelun kohteena ovat erilaiset EU-lainsÀÀdÀntöön perustuvat ympÀristömerkit ja miten niitÀ voidaan hyödyntÀÀ hankittavien tavaroiden mÀÀrittelyssÀ. Tutkielman lÀhtökohta on Euroopan unionista tehdyn sopimuksen (SEU) artikla 3, jonka mukaan Unionin tavoitteisiin kuuluvat sekÀ sisÀmarkkinoiden toteuttaminen ettÀ ympÀristönsuojelu. YmpÀristönsuojelulliset kriteerit hankittavien tavaroiden mÀÀrittelyssÀ voivat olla vastoin tavaroiden vapaan liikkuvuuden periaatetta, jolloin toimivat sisÀmarkkinat ja ympÀristönsuojelu osoittautuvat vastakkaisiksi tavoitteiksi. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan miten hyvin Euroopan unionin toiminnasta tehdyn sopimuksen (SEUT) 11 artiklassa mÀÀritelty lÀpÀisyperiaate toteutuu kÀytÀnnössÀ julkisten hankintojen osalta. Tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittÀÀ miten hankintadirektiivi (2004/18/EY) suhtautuu ympÀristönÀkökohtien, erityisesti ympÀristömerkkien, kÀyttöön mÀÀriteltÀessÀ hankittavia tavaroita. Tarkastelun kohteena on myös 20.12.2011 julkaistu komission esitys (COM(2011) 896) hankintadirektiivin muuttamisesta. Tutkielman johtopÀÀtös on, ettÀ Unionin oikeus sisÀltÀÀ monia sisÀisiÀ ristiriitoja ja epÀjohdonmukaisuuksia joiden takia lÀpÀisyperiaate ei toteudu julkisissa hankinnoissa parhaalla mahdollisella tavalla. Tunnistetut ongelmat vaikuttavat myös sisÀmarkkinoiden toimivuuteen

    Budjettikurisopimus – kestĂ€vÀÀn talouteen pakottaminen oikeuden keinoin

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    Julkisen talouden kestĂ€vyysvaje on noussut viime vuosina nĂ€kyvĂ€ksi osaksi talouspolitiikkaa. Euroopan unionin Vakaus- ja kasvusopimuksen tiukentamiseksi tehty niin sanottu budjettikurisopimus pyrkii vastaamaan valtiontalouden kestĂ€vyysvajeeseen lisÀÀmĂ€llĂ€ jĂ€senvaltioiden talouden ”kestĂ€vyyttĂ€â€. Vaikka kestĂ€vyyden sisĂ€ltö on mÀÀritelty sopimuksessa objektiivisin kriteerein, ei tĂ€llĂ€ nĂ€ytĂ€ olevan suurta kĂ€ytĂ€nnön merkitystĂ€ unionin talouspoliittisessa viitekehyksessĂ€. Myös sopimuksen oikeudelliset mahdollisuudet budjettikurin lisÀÀmiseksi vaikuttavat vĂ€hĂ€isiltĂ€. Sopimus edustaa uusliberaaliin politiikkaan perustuvaa uudeksi konstitutionalismiksi kutsua kehityskulkua, joka eristÀÀ politiikkaa taloudesta ja oikeudesta. Sopimuksen laajempi merkitys paljastuu, kun sopimusta tarkastellaan tĂ€mĂ€n viitekehyksen puitteissa. Sopimus voidaan ymmĂ€rtÀÀ yritykseksi naamioida tiettyjĂ€ poliittisia valintoja neutraaliin kaapuun. Se paljastaa myös Euroopan talous- ja rahaliiton nykyisen rakenteen todennĂ€köisen kestĂ€mĂ€ttömyyden

    Turku Centre for Computer Science – Annual Report 2013

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    Due to a major reform of organization and responsibilities of TUCS, its role, activities, and even structures have been under reconsideration in 2013. The traditional pillar of collaboration at TUCS, doctoral training, was reorganized due to changes at both universities according to the renewed national system for doctoral education. Computer Science and Engineering and Information Systems Science are now accompanied by Mathematics and Statistics in newly established doctoral programs at both University of Turku and &Aring;bo Akademi University. Moreover, both universities granted sufficient resources to their respective programmes for doctoral training in these fields, so that joint activities at TUCS can continue. The outcome of this reorganization has the potential of proving out to be a success in terms of scientific profile as well as the quality and quantity of scientific and educational results.&nbsp; International activities that have been characteristic to TUCS since its inception continue strong. TUCS&rsquo; participation in European collaboration through EIT ICT Labs Master&rsquo;s and Doctoral School is now more active than ever. The new double degree programs at MSc and PhD level between University of Turku and Fudan University in Shaghai, P.R.China were succesfully set up and are&nbsp; now running for their first year. The joint students will add to the already international athmosphere of the ICT House.&nbsp; The four new thematic reseach programmes set up acccording to the decision by the TUCS Board have now established themselves, and a number of events and other activities saw the light in 2013. The TUCS Distinguished Lecture Series managed to gather a large audience with its several prominent speakers. The development of these and other research centre activities continue, and&nbsp; new practices and structures will be initiated to support the tradition of close academic collaboration.&nbsp; The TUCS&rsquo; slogan Where Academic Tradition Meets the Exciting Future has proven true throughout these changes. Despite of the dark clouds on the national and European economic sky, science and higher education in the field have managed to retain all the key ingredients for success. Indeed, the future of ICT and Mathematics in Turku seems exciting.</p

    Strateginen resilienssi ja ylikansalliset arvoketjut: kohti uutta talousoikeutta

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    Strategic resilience and global value chains: Reshaping the global legaleconomic orderDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, states and private actors alike resorted to the unilateral use of states of exception in a desperate attempt to stabilise biosecurity. In this process, they destabilised the private law foundations of a world dependent on global production networks. Such massive, uncoordinated and unplanned responses may become increasingly prevalent in a world facing the threat of new pandemics, war, anthropogenic climate change, mass migration, financial meltdowns and other global-systemic crises. In this paper, we chart the emerging strategic resilience paradigm that grew from the manifold exception-based responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. We outline the strategic resilience paradigm and how it diverges from earlier neoliberal approaches to global production. We evaluate the practical effects of the strategic resilience paradigm from the perspectives of three key actors: what private actors, states and supranational actors, especially the European Union but also international organisations, can do to secure the supply of critical materials from global production networks in times of global systemic crises. Finally, we look at the consequences of different approaches,  differentiating between selfish, but from a local public policy perspective justifiable, interests of individual nation states and trading blocks, and a more globally fair and participative, but in practice probably utopian, transnational or international approach to ensuring the just supply of critical materials

    Cerebral grey matter density is associated with neuroreceptor and neurotransporter availability: A combined PET and MRI study

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    Positron emission tomography (PET) can be used for in vivo measurement of specific neuroreceptors and transporters using radioligands, while voxel-based morphometric analysis of magnetic resonance images allows automated estimation of local grey matter densities. However, it is not known how regional neuroreceptor or transporter densities are reflected in grey matter densities. Here, we analyzed brain scans retrospectively from 328 subjects and compared grey matter density estimates with neuroreceptor and transporter availabilities. ”-opioid receptors (MORs) were measured with [11C]carfentanil (162 scans), dopamine D2 receptors with [11C]raclopride (92 scans) and serotonin transporters (SERT) with [11C]MADAM (74 scans). The PET data were modelled with simplified reference tissue model. Voxel-wise correlations between binding potential and grey matter density images were computed. Regional binding of all the used radiotracers was associated with grey matter density in region and ligand-specific manner independently of subjects’ age or sex. These data show that grey matter density and MOR and D2R neuroreceptor / SERT availability are correlated, with effect sizes (r2) ranging from 0.04 to 0.69. This suggests that future studies comparing PET outcome measure different groups (such as patients and controls) should also analyze interactive effects of grey matter density and PET outcome measures

    Ontology-based Approach for Interoperability of Digital Collections

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