Drilling of Horizontal Wells in Carbonate Reservoirs of Middle East for Petroleum Production – Investigation of Hydraulics for the Effect of Tool Joints

Drilling of a horizontal well to produce petroleum is a task which needs careful planning. The foremost advantage of an openhole horizontal well completion is having the pay zone with the least drilling damage. The first task whether a well can be completed in open hole is by knowing if the formation once drilled is competent enough so that it can remain intact or not. Once the formation is declared and/or proofed to be competent and drilling of the horizontal well is approved there should be enough time to ensure that all equipment and services are going to be available. This study synopsises a brief literature review regarding effects of tool joints during drilling. A diligently planned horizontal well design for Middle East formations is given in this study. The effects of tool joints on the drillpipes are taken into consideration for the calculation of frictional pressure losses in annulus and equivalent circulating density itself. The operational steps while drilling the horizontal well are synopsised in this manuscript, which can be a useful guide for future applications in various petroleum and gas fields. The study also includes frictional pressure calculations for non-newtonian fluids used in drilling operations. The results indicate whether while drilling a horizontal well the fracture gradient of the petroleum reservoir formation is exceeded or not. The study can be improved further by means of considering the effects of temperature on the behaviour of the drilling fluid

Evaluation of Physical Exercise'S Effects on Low Back Pain Among University Students With Short Form-36 and Oswestry Disability Index

DergiPark: 762681tmsjAims: This study aims to investigate the main effects of physical exercise on lower back pain with the Short Form-36 Health Survey and Oswestry Disability Index scores. Methods: University students between 18-25 years old who suffer from low back pain were enrolled in the study. Short Form-36 Health Survey and Oswestry Disability Index were used as the reference scales of lower back pain and quality of life, respectively. There are some questions in the questionnaire to scale the average comfort of the place they sleep and sit during the day, which is the result of the Personal Comfort Score. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for non-normal distributed variables. Correlation and Linear Regression were used to analyze data. SPSS 25.0 was used for all statistical analysis. Results: A total of 139 university students (94 females, 45 males) were included in the study. The median age was 20 years (IQR=2) for female students and 20 years (IQR=1) for male students. Oswestry Disability Index scores of fe- male students were higher, while Short Form-36 scores were lower than the male students. Male students' physical functioning scores were higher than female students. Each one-unit increase in Personal Comfort Score is associated with an increase in the rate between the energy/fatigue (3.34 units). Body Mass Index considerably affected the pain and Oswestry Disability Score, an increase in one unit of baseline BMI upsurged the Short Form-36 pain score to 0.13, and Oswestry disability score to 0.55. Conc- lusion: In our study, Body Mass Index is found to be associated with Oswestry Disability Index and Short Form-36 score, which are used for the severity of low back pain and defining the life quality and of patients. PCS had a positive correlation between energy/fatigue. In addition, There was a positive correlation between physical exercise and general health score

Modification of ΔlogR method and Nonlinear Regression Application for Total Organic Carbon Content Estimation from Well Logs

ΔlogR method is one of the most widely utilized techniques for estimation of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content form well logs. The traditional ΔlogR method reveals the assumption of linear relationship between logarithmic resistivity and porosity log. In this study, the method is modified by means of integral calculus to acquire the actual trend between logarithmic resistivity and porosity log. Furthermore, unlike to the traditional method, the maturity is additionally represented with logarithm of organic maturation temperature. Nonlinear regression is applied to optimize the unclear organized parameters required for computation of TOC content. The final forms of the equations are observed to be appropriate for the nonlinear regression application. The TOC estimations are observed to be improved with the modified versions in case traditional methods are unsatisfactory due to the related assumption expressed above. With the introduced methodology the TOC of unconventional reservoirs and source rocks can be more accurately calculated

USING DRONES IN AGRICULTURAL AREAS

When the world population has approached eight billion, the worldwide focus shifted to supply food for it in a sustainable way. A new grip on precision agriculture has been led. This was identified as a farm management. This emerging concept is established to observe, measure, respond the crops and their inter and intra-field variability and versatility. To gain yield in a maximum level from the limited sources of a farm, this notion can be an efficient way for farmers to reach this aim. Meantime, the outcomes in terms of crop yields, plant health and other data have to be observed constantly while having a real-time feedback. They also require an analysis to be done objectively and equitably. Drones are considerably convenient to the farmers for helping to optimize the use of inputs such as fertilizers, seed and water. They are helpful for them to react quickly and on time tothreats like weeds, pests and fungi. The farmers can also save time in treatment validation of the crop scouting, can improve the variable rate prescriptions in real time and can do an estimation about the yield to be given from a field in harvest seasons. Our environment and our food can be cleaned more and more from chemical load. The reduction of water use can be figured out more and better. Despite being a young technology, drone usage in agriculture is expected to increase significantly. Encouraging the farmers to use the drone with the aid of the government support and agricultural extension efforts, will help them to warm towards this technology and to become adherent to future technologies. In this paper, secondary data was used to show drone usage and benefits in agriculture and how it effects environment positively

Evaluation of viticulture in Cappadocia in the scope of gastronomy tourism

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de bağcılık için önemli merkezlerden biri olan Kapadokya’da bağcılığın mevcut durumu ortaya konularak, üzümlerden elde edilen yöresel ürünlerin gastronomi turizmi kapsamında nasıl değerlendirilebileceği üzerinde durulmuştur. Araştırmanın alanı Kapadokya bölgesi olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada nitel yaklaşım çerçevesinde veri toplama tekniği olarak doküman incelenmesi ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme gerçekleştirilmiş, veri analiz yöntemi olarak da içerik analizinden faydalanılmıştır. Görüşmeler bölgedeki 21 bağcılık ve turizm paydaşı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda bu bölgede bağcılığın geliştirilmesi ve üzümden elde edilen yerel ürünlerin gastronomi turizmi açısından değerlendirilmesi gerektiği saptanmıştır.In this study, it has been discussed how local products obtained from grapes can be evaluated within the scope of gastronomy tourism by examining the current situation in viticulture in Cappadocia.The area of the study was determined as the Cappadocia region. The study took a qualitative research approach in which semi-structured interviews and document analysis were employed as major data collection techniques whereas content analysis was the primary method of analyzing the qualitative data. The interviews were conducted with 21 viticulture and tourism shareholders in the region. As a result of the research, it was determined that the development of viticulture in this region should be promoted and the local products obtained from grapes should be evaluated regarding gastronomy tourism

Assessment of the requisites of microbiology based infectious disease training under the pressure of consultation needs

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Training of infectious disease (ID) specialists is structured on classical clinical microbiology training in Turkey and ID specialists work as clinical microbiologists at the same time. Hence, this study aimed to determine the clinical skills and knowledge required by clinical microbiologists.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A cross-sectional study was carried out between June 1, 2010 and September 15, 2010 in 32 ID departments in Turkey. Only patients hospitalized and followed up in the ID departments between January-June 2010 who required consultation with other disciplines were included.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 605 patients undergoing 1343 consultations were included, with pulmonology, neurology, cardiology, gastroenterology, nephrology, dermatology, haematology, and endocrinology being the most frequent consultation specialties. The consultation patterns were quite similar and were not affected by either the nature of infections or the critical clinical status of ID patients.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The results of our study show that certain internal medicine subdisciplines such as pulmonology, neurology and dermatology appear to be the principal clinical requisites in the training of ID specialists, rather than internal medicine as a whole.</p

Köpük karakterizasyonunda kabarcık boyutu ve desen etkileri

Foam is one of the most frequently used multiphase fluids in underbalanced drilling operations because of its high carrying capacity of cuttings, compressibility property, formation fluid influx handling, etc. Foam rheology has been studied for many years. Researchers tried to explain foam behaviour by using conventional methods, i.e., determining rheological parameters of pre-defined rheological models like Power law, Bingham Plastic etc., as a function of gas ratio. However, it is known that bubble size and texture of the foam is also effective on foam behaviour. When foam is generated by using different foaming agents, even if the gas ratio is constant, different rheological parameters are observed. Therefore a more general foam characterization method that uses the bubble size and texture of foam is required. Improvements on image analysis, and computer technology allow monitoring the bubble size and texture of foam bubbles. A more comprehensive model of foam rheology definition in which the bubble size, and texture effects of the foam body is developed. Three different analysis methodologies are introduced; i) Generalized volume equalized approach, ii) Generalized volume equalized approach and image processing data, and iii) Image processing data only. The necessary information including the rheological information and image data is acquired from the experimental set-up developed for this study. It has been observed that, the pressure losses could be predicted as a function of bubble size, circularity and general rheological parameters, in ?20 % certainty limit. It is also observed that using only the image information is possible to characterize the foam in an accurate and fast manner.M.S. - Master of Scienc

Sondaj esnasında sondaj parametrelerinin gerçek-zamanlı-optimazsyonu.

Real-time optimization of drilling parameters during drilling operations aims to optimize weight on bit, bit rotation speed for obtaining maximum drilling rate as well as minimizing the drilling cost. The process is considered to be formation specific. A statistical method such as multiple linear regression technique has been used for the drilling optimization. An extensive literature survey on drilling optimization was conducted for this research study. A model is developed for this purpose using actual field data collected through modern well monitoring and data recording systems, which predicts the rate of drilling penetration as a function of available parameters. The rate of penetration general equation is optimized for effective functions at each data point. In order to optimize the parameters in the field, a computer network is required to be developed. The computer network will keep the piped data directly from the data source, and continuously be collecting the new data to be fed. A database present at the central computer will be continuously calculating the developed model parameters by means of multiple regression technique and inform the team at the field. The field engineer will transmit the current drilling parameters back to the central computer, and the headquarters will determine the new model parameters and optimum drilling parameters by including the recently received information. Therefore, there will be a real-time-optimization process. It is considered that this technique is going to be widely used in future drilling activities since it could reduce drilling costs and minimize probability of encountering problems due to working with optimized parameters. It has been found that drilling rate of penetration could be modelled in real-time environment as a function of independent drilling variables such as weight on bit, rotation speed of the string, drilling fluid weight, and formation characteristics. The ability to have the drilling rate of penetration with respect to depth characteristically with certain parameters for specific formations on real-time basis could bring new insights to the nature of drilling optimization studies. Any significant departure of the actual rate of penetration from the predicted rate of penetration trend could have important indications which could be detected beforehand in real-time. The study has also achieved one of its objectives, giving the optimized independent drilling parameters found following statistical synthesis.Ph.D. - Doctoral Progra