Genetics of Phytophthora : evidence for hybridization

Typescript.Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1990.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-115)Microfiche.xiv, 115 leaves, bound ill. (some col.) 29 cmSingle-zoospore cultures from two isolates (A1 and A2) of Phytophthora infestans after metalaxyl treatment consisted of A1 and A2. Metalaxyl also caused mating type change in 3 A1 of g. parasitica. The conversion of A1 to A2 by metalaxyl is postulated as a possible origin of A2 of g. infestans in Europe. When g. parasitica was treated with metalaxyl for 6 weeks, many of its zoospore progeny became resistant to metalaxyl. Exposure to metalaxyl also caused zoospore progeny to change colony morphology, growth rate, ability to produce sporangia and ability of zoospores to form colonies, indicating that metalaxyl is mutagenic. The optimum conditions for activation of oospores of g. infestans were to treat oospores with 0.25% KMn04 for 15 min. Light was required for oospore germination during germination but not during maturation. Isozyme patterns of E. infestans show that selfed progeny from isolates heterozygous at PEP and GPI-1 loci segregated 1:2:1, and that all selfed progeny from homozygous isolates were identical with their respective parents indicating that £. infestans is diploid in vegetative state. All sexual progeny from the cross 903SrX947Cpr were resistant to either chloramphenicol or streptomycin and were hybrid at PEP locus suggesting that streptomycin-resistance and chloramphenicol-resistance genes were located in cytoplasm. Selfed progeny from metalaxyl-resistant (Mr) mutants of g. parasitica segregated 3 resistant : 1 sensitive. Selfed progeny from chloroneb-resistant (Cnr) mutants also segregated 3 resistant : 1 sensitive, indicating that metalaxyl and chloroneb resistance in these mutants are each conferred by a single dominant gene in heterozygous condition. Progeny from the pairing between homozygous Mr and wild type consisted of selfs and hybrids. Progeny from the pairing between homozygous Cnr resistant to chloramphenicol and resistant to streptomycin consisted of hybrids resistant to either chloramphenicol or streptomycin, suggesting that chloramphenicol-resistance and streptomycin-resistance genes are present in cytoplasm. Progeny from the pairing between homozygous Mr, Cpr A1 and homozygous Cnr, Sr A2 consisted of 4 selfs from Al, 6 selfs from A2, 46 hybrids from the union of Al oogonium with A2 antheridium, and 92 hybrids resulting from the union of A2 oogonium with Al antheridium

Three Brown Rot Polypores New to Taiwan and Their Cultural Studies

Three species of brown rot polypores (Basidiomycota) are described and illustrated as new records for Taiwan. They are Daedalea quercina Fr., Oligoporus sericeomollis (Romell) Pouzar, and O. undosus (Peck.) G. L. Gilb. & Ryvarden. Cultural characteristics are also described for these three species

利用指標成分品管牛樟芝產品

Using 10 known components in Antrodia cinnamomea including 5 ergostanes (antcins C and K, and zhankuic acids A, B, and C), 4 lanostanes (sulphurenic acid, dehydrosulphurenic acid, eburicoic acid, and dehydroeburicoic acid), and 1 monophenyl (4,7-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,3-benzodioxole) as standards, mycelia and basidiomes of A. cinnamomea was differentiated in this study. Natural basidiomes collected from wood of Cinnamomum kanehirai in natural forests and cultured basidiomes grown on potato dextrose agar medium contained all 10 test components. However, natural mycelia collected from the wood of C. kanehirai in a natural forest and liquid/solid cultured mycelia grown on potato dextrose broth/potato dextrose agar media contained the 4 lanostanes and 4,7-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,3-benzodioxole but not the 5 ergostanes. These results indicate that the production of ergostanes is related to basidiomatal formation of A. cinnamomea, but is not related to the substrate on which the organism is grown. 牛樟芝是台灣特有保健藥用菇菌，民間傳說牛樟芝的療效均以野生菇體為材料。但由於菇體不易採得及培養，近年來以培養菌絲體為材料的商品也大行其道，並引用野生菇體的療效。這裡就存在一個問題，菇體與菌絲體的成份是否相同？本文則以野生菇體、野生菌絲體、人工培養菇體及人工培養菌絲體為材料，進行成分分析，並以10種牛樟芝較特別的成份 (以三類為主) 為指標成份進行比較，其中包括五種麥角甾烷三類 (ergostanes: antcins C, K, zhankuic acids A, B, C)四種四種羊毛甾烷三類（lanostanes: sulphurenic acid, dehydrosulphurenic acid, eburicoic acid, dehydroeburicoic acid），和一種單苯基類（monophenyl: 4,7-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,3-benzodioxole）當標準成分，比較天然牛樟芝子實體與菌絲體，和人工培養子實體與菌絲體的成分差異。採自生長牛樟木材之天然子實體興培養於馬鈴薯葡萄糖洋菜（PDA）培養基產生的子實體，均可檢測出上述十種化合物，然而，採自生長在牛樟木材之天然菌絲體與人工固態與液態培養之菌絲體只能產生上述四種羊毛甾烷三類和一種單酚類化合物，但不能產生五種麥角甾烷三類。結果顯示，麥角甾烷三類的產生似乎與牛樟芝子實體的形成有相關性，但與子實體生長的基質沒有關係，因為天然子實體生長於牛樟木材，而人工培養子實體則生長於不含任何牛樟木材成分的培養基上

Tuber elevatireticulatum sp. nov., a new species of whitish truffle from Taiwan

Abstract Background There are estimated 180–220 species of Tuber described in the world, but the diversity of the genus in Taiwan is poorly known, with only two species recorded, i.e., Tuber formosanum and T. furfuraceum. During our survey of hypogenous fungi in Taiwan, a whitish truffle belongs to Puberulum clade was collected from roots of Keteleeria fortunei var. cyclolepis in central Taiwan and appeared to differ from the two recorded species. Results The whitish truffle is herein described as a new species Tuber elevatireticulatum, which is distinguished from closely resembled Asian whitish truffles species like Tuber thailandicum, T. panzhihuanense, T. latisporum and T. sinopuberulum by the association with Keteleeria host, small light brown ascocarps with a dark brown gleba, dark brownish and elliptical ascospores ornamented with a prominently raised alveolate reticulum. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of both ITS and LSU loci clearly supports T. elevatireticulatum as a new species without any significant incongruence. Conclusions The whitish truffle is herein described as a new species T. elevatireticulatum based on the evidence from morphology and DNA sequences. T. elevatireticulatum is the first scientific record of whitish truffle in Taiwan

MicroRNA-Like Small RNAs Prediction in the Development of <i>Antrodia cinnamomea</i>

Antrodia cinnamomea, a precious, host-specific brown-rot fungus that has been used as a folk medicine in Taiwan for centuries is known to have diverse bioactive compounds with potent pharmaceutical activity. In this study, different fermentation states of A. cinnamomea (wild-type fruiting bodies and liquid cultured mycelium) were sequenced using the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique. A 45.58 Mb genome encoding 6,522 predicted genes was obtained. High quality reads were assembled into a total of 13,109 unigenes. Using a previously constructed pipeline to search for microRNAs (miRNAs), we then identified 4 predicted conserved miRNA and 63 novel predicted miRNA-like small RNA (milRNA) candidates. Target prediction revealed several interesting proteins involved in tri-terpenoid synthesis, mating type recognition, chemical or physical sensory protein and transporters predicted to be regulated by the miRNAs and milRNAs.</p

Gene ontology classification and KEGG annotation of DEGs between wild-type fruiting body and liquid cultured mycelium.

<p>MY: unigenes upregulated in liquid cultured mycelium, FB: unigenes upregulated in wild-type fruiting bodies. (a) GO annotation. 2,282 unigenes from DEGs were analyzed with blast2GO to obtain the GO terms. And the GO term were classified with CateGOrizer and separated into three major categories. (b) KEGG annotation. 2,282 unigenes from DEGs were submitted to KAAS to get the KEGG metabolic pathway classification.</p