Numerical time-of-flight analysis of the strong-field photoeffect

Short-time filtering of the photoionization amplitude extracted straight from the numerical solution of the time-dependent Schr\"{o}dinger equation (TDSE) is used to identify dominant pathways that form photoelectron spectra in strong fields. Thereby, the "black-box nature" of TDSE solvers only giving the final spectrum is overcome, and simpler approaches, e.g., semi-classical based on the strong-field approximation, can be tested and improved. The approach also allows to suppress intercycle quantum interference between pathways removing patterns that are usually washed out in experiments.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

Manipulation by Photoelectron Currents for the Generation of Terahertz Light Pulses

Using the strong field approximation we calculate photoelectron momentum distributions generated in the interaction of low-frequency two-color laser fields with atomic gases. The field consists of an infrared linearly or circularly polarized pulse of intensity close to 1014W/cm2 and its second linearly polarized harmonic whose intensity does not exceed 10% of the fundamental. Our calculations aim to find a field configuration, which maximizes the photoelectron current left after the interaction. Such net currents result from asymmetries of photoelectron distributions in non-monochromatic coherent fields with fixed phases between the frequency components. We show that combining a circularly polarized intense pulse with a linearly polarized pulse of the second harmonic one could approach the highest possible asymmetry of the photoelectron distribution and therefore the highest value of the net current.     Keywords: terahertz radiation, strong-field ionization, photoelectron currents, strong field approximatio

The effects of augmentation cystoplasty and botulinum toxin injection on patient‐reported bladder function and quality of life among individuals with spinal cord injury performing clean intermittent catheterization

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146858/1/nau23849_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146858/2/nau23849.pd

Book Reviews

International Environmental Law; The Impact of Inflation and Deflation on Privaye Legal Obligations; The International and National Protection of Movable Cultural Propert

Boosting terahertz-radiation power with two-color circularly polarized midinfrared laser pulses

A way to considerably enhance terahertz radiation, emitted in the interaction of intense midinfrared laser pulses with atomic gases, in both the total energy and the electric-field amplitude is suggested. The scheme is based on the application of a two-color field consisting of a strong circularly polarized midinfrared pulse with wavelengths of 1.6-4 mu m and its linearly or circularly polarized second harmonic of lower intensity. By combining the strong-field approximation for the ionization of a single atom with particle-in-cell simulations of the collective dynamics of the generated plasma, it is shown that the application of such two-color circularly polarized laser pulses may lead to an order-of-magnitude increase in the energy emitted in the terahertz frequency domain as well as in a considerable enhancement in the maximal electric field of the terahertz pulse. Our results support recently reported experimental and numerical finding

Cancer pain self-management in the context of a national opioid epidemic : Experiences of patients with advanced cancer using opioids

Acknowledgments: The authors would like the thank the participants, and Dr. Anna Revette for her guidance on the interview guide. Funding Support: National Institutes of Health grant no. R21 NR017745 to Andrea C. EnzingerPeer reviewedPostprin

Code Status Discussions Between Attending Hospitalist Physicians and Medical Patients at Hospital Admission

BackgroundBioethicists and professional associations give specific recommendations for discussing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).ObjectiveTo determine whether attending hospitalist physicians' discussions meet these recommendations.DesignCross-sectional observational study on the medical services at two hospitals within a university system between August 2008 and March 2009.ParticipantsAttending hospitalist physicians and patients who were able to communicate verbally about their medical care.Main measuresWe identified code status discussions in audio-recorded admission encounters via physician survey and review of encounter transcripts. A quantitative content analysis was performed to determine whether discussions included elements recommended by bioethicists and professional associations. Two coders independently coded all discussions; Cohen's kappa was 0.64-1 for all reported elements.Key resultsAudio-recordings of 80 patients' admission encounters with 27 physicians were obtained. Eleven physicians discussed code status in 19 encounters. Discussions were more frequent in seriously ill patients (OR 4, 95% CI 1.2-14.6), yet 66% of seriously ill patients had no discussion. The median length of the code status discussions was 1 min (range 0.2-8.2). Prognosis was discussed with code status in only one of the encounters. Discussions of patients' preferences focused on the use of life-sustaining interventions as opposed to larger life goals. Descriptions of CPR as an intervention used medical jargon, and the indication for CPR was framed in general, as opposed to patient-specific scenarios. No physician quantitatively estimated the outcome of or provided a recommendation about the use of CPR.ConclusionsCode status was not discussed with many seriously ill patients. Discussions were brief, and did not include elements that bioethicists and professional associations recommend to promote patient autonomy. Local and national guidelines, research, and clinical practice changes are needed to clarify and systematize with whom and how CPR is discussed at hospital admission

Effect of Palliative Care–Led Meetings for Families of Patients With Chronic Critical Illness: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Family caregivers of patients with chronic critical illness experience significant psychological distress