Fracture-of the Calcaneum:

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Accidental hepatic artery ligation in humans

Despite the vast amount of information from experimental animals, it has been difficult to obtain a clear-cut picture of the effects of ligation of the hepatic artery in humans with relatively normal livers. The last complete review of this subject in 1933 indicated that a mortality in excess of 50 per cent could be expected in non-cirrhotic patients with injury of the hepatic artery or its principal branches. Five cases of dearterialization of the normal human liver have been observed. These were due to accidental interruption of the right hepatic artery in four and the proper hepatic artery in one. The injured vessel was repaired in one case and ligated in the others. In four of the five patients the vascular disruption was the sole injury. In the other the common bile duct was also lacerated. There was no evidence of hepatic necrosis in any case although one patient died from complications of common duct repair. Transient changes in SGOT and temporary low grade bilirubinemia were commonly noted. In addition, all cases of ligation of the hepatic artery reported since 1933 have been compiled. On the basis of reviewed, as well as the presently reported cases, it is concluded that ligation of the hepatic artery or one of its branches in the patient with relatively normal hepatic function is not ordinarily fatal in the otherwise uncomplicated case. Adequate perfusion of the liver can usually be provided by the remaining portal venous flow and whatever arterial collaterals are present, unless additional factors further reduce the portal venous flow or increase hepatic oxygen need. These factors include fever, shock and anoxia. The key to therapy in unreconstructed injuries to the hepatic artery is avoidance of these secondary influences. © 1964

Evaluating Auroral Forecasts Against Satellite Observations Under Different Levels of Geomagnetic Activity

The aurora and associated high energy particles and currents pose a space weather hazard to communication networks and ground-based infrastructure. Forecasting the location of the auroral oval forms an integral component of daily space weather operations. We evaluate a version of the OVATION-Prime 2013 auroral forecast model that was implemented for operational use at the UK Met Office Space Weather Operations Cent. Building on our earlier studies, we evaluate the ability of the OVATION-Prime 2013 model to predict the location of the auroral oval in all latitude and local time sectors under different levels of geomagnetic activity, defined by Kp. We compare the model predictions against auroral boundaries determined from IMAGE FUV data. Our analysis shows that the model performs well at predicting the equatorward extent of the auroral oval, particularly as the equatorward auroral boundary expands to lower latitudes for increasing Kp levels. The model performance is reduced in the high latitude region near the poleward auroral boundary, particularly in the nightside sectors where the model does not accurately capture the expansion and contraction of the polar cap as the open flux content of the magnetosphere changes. For increasing levels of geomagnetic activity (Kp ≥ 3), the performance of the model decreases, with the poleward edge of the auroral oval typically observed at lower latitudes than forecast. As such, the forecast poleward edge of the auroral oval is less reliable during more active and hazardous intervals

Long-term exposure to air pollution and risk of dementia among older individuals of a Danish nationwide administrative cohort

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence associates air pollution with dementia, but some pollutants and susceptible groups are understudied. METHODS: We followed all Danish residents aged ≥60 years as of 1-1-2000, without prior dementia, until 12-31-2018 for dementia incidence identified via hospital contact or prescription. We assessed annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (PM2·5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and black carbon (BC) in 2010 utilizing European-wide hybrid land-use regression models, at baseline (2000) residential addresses. We examined the associations between air pollution exposure and dementia incidence with Cox proportional hazard models, accounting for individual- and area-level socio-demographic covariates and whether the effects were modified by age, sex, income level, education attainment, employment status, and the presence of comorbid conditions, including cardio-metabolic, respiratory diseases, and depression. FINDINGS: Among 934,792 individuals, 81,731 developed dementia over a mean follow-up of 11·6 years. Mean levels of PM2·5 and NO2, and BC were 12·5 and 20·6 µg/m3, and 1·0 × 10-5/m respectively. We detected strong associations between these pollutants and dementia incidence, with hazard ratios (HR) [95 % confidence intervals (CIs)] of 1·14 (1·12, 1·16), 1·25 (1·22, 1·28), and 1·23 (1·20, 1·26) per interquartile range increase of 1·9 μg/m3 for PM2·5, 10·2 μg/m3 for NO2, and 0·5 × 10-5/m for BC, respectively. Stronger associations were observed in elderly (≥75 years), those with stroke, the unemployed, and those with lower income or education levels than corresponding groups. DISCUSSION: Even low levels of air pollution in Denmark were associated with dementia development, especially among certain susceptible groups, emphasizing the need for targeted intervention strategies

THE WAE AGAINST THE VENEREAL DISEASES IN FRANCE.

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British Terraced Houses as the Home of British Multicultural Self?: Looking for the Third Space in Damien O’Donnell’s Movie East Is East (1999).

International audienceIn 1996, Ayub Khan-Din, the author of the play East Is East, and screenwriter of its film adaptation directed by Damien O’Donnell, claimed that his only goal was to depict his life as the son of a mixed-race family in a suburban town near Manchester in the 70s. However, the plot of his story, revolving around the need for the Khan children to belong to society, also chimes with some psychological investigations about the feelings of inclusion of mixed-race teenagers living in Great Britain conducted in the 1990s. Youth commonly used terms like “British-Asian” to define their nationality. It was interpreted as a sign of “hyphenated identity” trying both to preserve the core of their cultural migrant heritage and prevent discrimination in society. It also indicated how difficult it was for them to match pre-existing social models. Yet, the symbolic use of the hyphen is presented as a great opportunity by scholars who defend the idea that mixed cultures would create a “third space” destabilizing the fixed identities. The representation of the terraced house where the Khan family are living is particularly worth taking into consideration. It is interesting to see to what extent this traditional image is distorted in the movie and corresponds to a depoliticized representation of what a multicultural space should be, since working-class terraced houses are quite often associated with the top-down vision of social hierarchy in a conservative industrial society. Outdoor and indoor scenes transform the house into a microcosmic space where individual identities strive to literally find room to exist and challenge patriarchal authority. In that respect, the movie seems to be in tune with the New Labour’s concerns about recreating a sense of Britishness in the 1990s, advocating a multitude of ways of finding one’s place in society