La Yougoslavie titiste vue par les diplomates français (1955-1974)

Les relations entre la France et la Yougoslavie pendant la période où cette dernière était dirigée par Tito, étaient marquées d'abord par l'aide yougoslave aux in­surgés algériens, et ensuite par le refus de générale De Gaule de rencontrer le président Yougoslave. L'aide aux FLN algérien s'inscrivait dans la politique de non-alignement de Tito dont un aspect important était la coopération avec les pays musulmans dans le Tiers Mondes, facilité en partie par les liens mis en place entre les pays musulmans et les Musulmans Yougoslaves. Général De Gaule, considérait le sort que Tito avait réservé à général Mihailovic comme inacceptable, et estimait en plus que la fédéra­tion yougoslave en tant que telle est une structure étatique plus que fragile

Les relations franco-serbes au sein de l'Armée d'orient 1915-1918

The paper offers an atypical approach to the Franco-Serbian collaboration on the Salonica Front in that it seeks to view it from the perspective of participants rather than to base itself on reports submitted by the respective military commands. Interesting and frequently contradictory personal experiences drawn from the encounter of two culturally and geographically remote worlds reflect the daily life of French and Serbian soldiers. Observing Franco-Serbian relations at three parallel levels everyday contacts on the front, support of French scholars and intellectuals to Serbia, and diplomatic relations between the two countries - the paper builds an argumentation for the process of establishing French influence in Serbia and the Balkans

Fake news et post-vérité. De l’extension de la propagande au Royaume-Uni, aux États-Unis et en France

Le phénomène des fake news a commencé a polarisé l’attention des observateurs en 2016 dans le cadre de la campagne référendaire au Royaume-Uni portant sur le Brexit et lors de l’élection présidentielle aux États-Unis. La combinaison d’informations trompeuses et de prétendus faits alternatifs nous a-t-elle fait bas¬culer imperceptiblement dans une nouvelle ère de la communication connue sous le nom de post-vérité ? Si cette situation n’est pas totalement inédite et rappelle opportunément que la propagande ne se conjugue ni au passé, ni exclusivement au-delà de nos frontières elle comporte sa part de spécificité. Elle atteste de l’ambivalence de l’internet capable d’encourager l’expression de la démocratie participative tout autant que les formes d’extrémisme, de complotisme et de populisme. Elle ruine également l’illusion communi¬cationnelle consistant à croire que l’on démocratiserait l’information – donc la démocratie elle-même – en accroissant la masse des contenus et en multipliant le nombre et la vitesse de ce que l’on appelait naguère « les autoroutes de l’information ».The phenomenon of fake news began to draw obser-vers’ attention in 2016, during the UK referendum campaign on Brexit and the US presidential election. Has the combination of misleading information and so-called alternative facts tipped us imperceptibly into a new, “post-truth” era of communication? Even if this phenomenon is not totally unprecedented, and serves to remind us that propaganda exists not only in the past or in other countries, it has its own unique aspects. It demonstrates the internet’s ambiguity in encouraging the expression not only of participatory democracy but also of extremism, populism, and conspiricism. It also destroys the illusion that if we increase the volume of information, and the speed at which it is delivered on what was formerly called “the information superhigh¬way,” we will democratize information – and therefore democracy itself

The modified retrosigmoid approach: a how I do it

BACKGROUND: The traditional retrosigmoid (RS) approach provides limited exposure of the inferior compartment of the CPA, while radical skull base approaches are demanding and associated with significant morbidity. METHODS: This study outlines the relevant surgical anatomy and the different surgical steps of a modified retrosigmoid (MRS) approach. RESULTS: The MRS provides enhanced exposure of the CPA and deep vascular structures resulting from a modified RS craniotomy and limited exposure of the sigmoid sinus. CONCLUSION: In selected posterior fossa lesions, this cisternal approach is a straightforward corridor that can be routinely performed as a safe alternative to radical cranial base approaches

Jacques Éllul : l’homme de parole

« La parole est seule relative à la Vérité. L’image est seulement relative à la réalité. » Aux consommateurs d’images que nous sommes, Jacques Ellul rappelle que l’homme moderne a tort de prendre le réel pour le vrai. Alors que la parole relève de la vérité – et donc aussi du mensonge –, l’image peut parfaitement être fidèle à la réalité, elle peut être rigoureusement exacte, sans jamais être vraie. L’image est, par nature, étrangère au domaine du telos, indifférente à la question du Sens, la..

History of degenerative spondylolisthesis: From anatomical description to surgical management

This review of the historical medical literature aimed at understanding the evolution of surgical management of degenerative spondylolisthesis over time. The Medic@, IndexCat and Gallica historical databases and PubMed and Embase medical databases were used, with several search-terms, exploring the years 1700-2018. Data from anatomical, biomechanical, pathophysiological and surgical studies were compiled. In total, 150 documents were obtained, dating from 1782 to 2018: 139 from PubMed, 1 from Medic@, 7 from IndexCat, and 3 from Gallica. The review thus ranges in time from (1) description of the first clinical cases by several authors in Europe (1782), (2) the identification of a distinct entity by MacNab (1963), and (3) surgical management by the emerging discipline of minimally invasive spine surgery, to its subsequent evolution up to the present day. Spondylolisthesis is a frequent condition potentially responsible for a variety of functional impairments. Understanding and surgical management have progressed since the 20th century. Historically, the first descriptions of treatments concerned only spondylolisthesis associated with spondylolysis, especially in young adults. More recently, there has been progress in the understanding of the disease in elderly people, with the recognition of degenerative spondylolisthesis. New technologies and surgical techniques, aided by advances in supportive care, now provide spine surgeons with powerful treatment tools. Better knowledge of the evolution of surgery throughout history should enable better understanding of current approaches and concepts for treating degenerative spondylolisthesis

To return or not to return for STI-HIV tests results: A study among 214 patients screened positive in a free center in Paris offering SMS reminders to reduce failure to return

International audienceINTRODUCTION. Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are a major challenge in public health as nearly one million people become infected every day in the world with chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis or trichomoniasis. Moreover, 2 millions of people become infected every year with HIV in the world. Despite progress in treatment and screening, incidence of STI continues to increase. To decrease the spread of STI, it is needed not only to focus on screening access but also to reduce the high proportion, 15–20%, of patients screened positive for at least one STI and who do not come back for their results generating delay in their medical care and risks of STI transmitting to their partners. In our free testing center for STI in Paris (France), in order to reduce failure to return, patients are offered the possibility of being notified by SMS after testing. If at least one of the STI results is positive, the SMS invites the patient to come back to the center to obtain his/her results. However, even when informed by up to three SMS, a part of patients still fails to return. To target improvement actions, it is needed to define their profile. This study aimed to explore factors associated with failure to return within 30 days after testing (FTR30) among patient screened positive for STI.METHODS. Between October 2016 and May 2017, all patients with at least one positive result for STI testing (HIV, HBV, HVC, syphilis, gonorrhea and chlamydia) and who accepted to participate in the study were included (n = 214). Data were collected from the consultation database and a self-administered questionnaire. The FTR30 was measured based on information in the consultation database. This database also includes data on STI tested and results of the screenings performed. The self-questionnaire included sociodemographic factors, sexual behavior and factors related to the center visit. Factors associated with FTR30 were assessed using logistic regression models. The choice of the final multivariate model was based on the result of a backward stepwise selection with a 0.2 significance level for removal from the model.RESULTS. More than two-thirds of patients were men (72%), and the median age of patients was 27 years. Most patients were born in metropolitan France (56%) or in sub-Saharan Africa (25%). Men having sex with men represented 30% of the study population. The FTR30 rate was 14% (95% CI [10% > 19%]). Even if non-significant, FTR30 tend to be lower among the 72% of patients who accepted to be notified by SMS than among patients who did not (12% vs. 20%, P 0.10). In multivariate analysis, patients aged 25 or under were more likely to not return than patients older than 25 (aOR: 2.84; 95% CI: 1.09–7.41). A lower self-perceived risk of HIV infection was significantly associated with FTR30 (aOR: 3.05; 95% CI: 1.17–7.94), as well as not being tested for chlamydia and gonorrhea using self-swabbing (aOR: 5.98; 95% CI: 2.03–17.6). Probability of FTR30 was higher for patients coming with someone (aOR: 3.73; 95% CI: 1.41–9.88) compared to patients coming alone.CONCLUSIONS. The SMS program was well accepted but had a limited impact on FTR30 in our study population. To reduce the risk of failure in delivering STI screening results, systematic phone call after testing might also be proposed to patients. Moreover, no self-swabbing for chlamydia and gonorrhea testing and a lower self-perceived risk of HIV infection were associated with a higher probability of FTR30. Thus, improving STI/HIV knowledge and level of health literacy to empower patients would be an efficient way to decrease failure to return for results.DISCLOSURE OF INTEREST. The authors declare that they have no competing interest

Drivers of severe air pollution events in a deep valley during wintertime: a case study from the Arve river valley, France

© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This manuscript is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).The Arve river valley airshed in the French Alps experiences particularly severe air pollution during wintertime stable atmospheric conditions associated with persistent cold-air pools. PM10 data recorded in the region indicate that the urbanised area of the central basin-shape section of the valley is generally the most polluted, with a harmful impact on the health of inhabitants. In the present work, we examine the air pollution transport potential of the Arve river valley airshed using results from high-resolution numerical simulations of a cold-air pool documented as part of the Passy-2015 field campaign. Passive tracers were used to model PM10 with emissions provided by a detailed inventory developed by the local air-quality agency. The observed differential in PM10 levels between valley sections was well captured by the numerical model and could not be explained solely by the differential in emissions. The stagnation, recirculation and ventilation potential of the airshed was evaluated spatially and temporally using integral quantities. The analysis indicated that the central basin-shape section of the valley is poorly ventilated and hence air pollution there would originate mostly from local emission sources. This stagnation zone appears to be almost decoupled from the rest of the airshed. The airshed was decomposed in separate valley sections so as to quantify the fate of the pollutants emitted within each section. Air pollution apportioned according to the contribution of emissions from the different valley sections shows that indeed the central basin-shape section is dominated by local sources. The situation was found more complex in the valley sections further downstream, where the contribution from the sum of the non-local sources can be as large as that from local sources. This study allows to identify the origin of the strong pollution in the Arve river valley, through the link between the local topography, emission sources and pollutant transport.Peer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio

Toward the development of 3-dimensional virtual-reality video tutorials in the French neurosurgical residency program

BACKGROUND: The present study developed 3D video tutorials with commentaries, using virtual-reality headsets (VRH). VRHs allow 3D visualization of complex anatomy from the surgeon\u27s point of view. Students can view the surgery repeatedly without missing the essential steps, simultaneously receiving advice from a group of experts in the field. METHODS: A single-center prospective study assessed surgical teaching using 3D video tutorials designed for French neurosurgery and ENT residents participating in the neuro-otology lateral skull-base workshop of the French College of Neurosurgery. At the end of the session, students filled out an evaluation form with 5-point Likert scale to assess the teaching and the positive and negative points of this teaching tool. RESULTS: 22 residents in neurosurgery (n=17, 81.0%) and ENT (n=5) were included. 18 felt that the 3D video enhanced their understanding of the surgical approach (81.8 %). 15 (68.2%) thought the video provided good 3D visualization of anatomical structures and 20 that it enabled better understanding of anatomical relationships (90.9%). Most students had positive feelings about ease of use and their experience of the 3D video tutorial (n=14, 63.6%). 20 (90.9%) enjoyed using the video. 12 (54.5%) considered that the cadaver dissection workshop was more instructive. CONCLUSIONS: 3D video via a virtual reality headset is an innovative teaching tool, approved by the students themselves. A future study should evaluate its long-term contribution, so as to determine its role in specialized neurosurgery and ENT diploma courses