Influence of N-NO3 and N-NH4 on the mineral composition of grape-vine rootstocks cultured in vitro

4 páginas, 1 figura, 1 tabla, 7 referencias.-- In Vitro Culture, XXIII IHC, celebrado en Florencia, Italia.NaNO3 treatments, induced an important accumulation of Na (r=0.986) caused by the presence of Na ion in the salt and a small increase of N (r=0.953) and decrease of Ca (r=-0.904). The other nutrients considered were not altered. (NH4)2SO4 treatments caused a very large accumulation of N (r=0.974), P (r=0.967) and Fe (r=0.985) and at the same time an important decrease of K (r=-0.959).Peer reviewe

Evaluation of the present information on the mechanisms leading to flower bud induction, evocation and differentiation in olea europaea

7 páginas, 1 figura, 2 tablas, 16 referencias.-- The "5th International Symposium on Olive Growing" will be held in Izmir, Turkey between 26 September- 2 October, 2004.-- Fué leído en el citado simposio por Shimon Lavee y por motivos desconocidos no figura en el libro de actas.The lack of regularity in reproductive organ development leading in many cases to severe alternate bearing is one of the major problems and drawbacks in today’s economy of the olive industry. Although a considerable amount of work has been devoted during the second half of the last century to this subject, our understanding of the metabolism leading to flower bud differentiation and ability to control alternate bearing is still limited. The genetic potential to induce flower buds is environmentally dependent. Temperature was found the most eminent environmental factor to affect the metabolism leading to flower bud induction. Specific but not yet clearly defined temperatures in early summer on one hand and relatively low winter temperature gradually fluctuating with warm ones in the winter are essential for inducing the metabolic pass-ways initiating the sequence of processes leading to the formation of flower buds. Changes in the RNA content of lateral buds expected to develop inflorescences in the spring was shown to occur already in the fall. Thus, some workers suggested that the low winter temperatures act as a dormancy breaking agent of pre differentiated buds. On the other hand, these same buds were shown to grow vegetative when induced without or with unsuitable winter temperature. This could be explained as dedifferentiation process however, no differentiated floral organs have been found in buds in the fall and no aborted secondary growing points in lateral buds have been found either. The presently available data indicate that neither summer-fall nor mid winter seasons could be individually responsible for flower bud initiation. The presently developing fruits on the trees were found to have a major affect on controlling the metabolism leading to reproductive development although they were shown to have no effect on the tree’s carboydrate level and only a minor one on the nitrogen balance. However, the protein composition of leaves on fruiting and non fruiting trees was found to be different with specific proteins developing in leaves of the fruiting trees and others on the non fruiting ones. Furthermore, chlorogenic acid, related to the cinnamic acid pass-way was found to accumulate in leaves of fruiting trees and to inhibit specifically winter differentiation. The messenger from the developing fruits to change the leaf metabolism is not yet entirely clear but believed to be specific gibberellins. Based on the present available data including the effect of harvest time on the following reproductive development and the amount of yield on vegetative growth, a two phase mechanism for reproductive bud development in the olive could be suggested. The initial developing bud of the olive is suggested to be indifferent. During the “off” year, when tha plant has normalized its situation after a heavy crop, the buds receive their initial induction to develop reproductive. Those buds which received their initial induction to differentiate reproductively will respond to the winter inductive conditions.Peer reviewe

Influencia de la concentración de sacarosa en el medio, sobre la respuesta de material de vid "in vitro"

7 páginas, 8 figuras y 16 referencias.-- Trabajo presentado en el VI Simposium Nacional - II Ibérico sobre nutrición mineral de las plantas, Sevilla, del 12 al 15 de Noviembre de 1996.-- Entidades colaboradoras Junta de Andalucía, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sociedad Española de Fisiología Vegetal, El Monte, Caja de Huelva y Sevilla y Gat Fertilíquido. Editores científicos: Rafael Sarmiento Solís, Eduardo O. Leidi Montes y Antonio Troncoso de Arce.-- (Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla).[EN]: The effects of two sucrose amounts, 20 and 30 gl(elevado a -1), added to the nutrient medium on the in vitro development of grapevine rootstocks 4 lB, 110 Richter, 196-17, 161-49 de Couderc and Rupestris de Lot, of Superior cultivar and of CH-I ,and CH-2 clones from Chile was studied. Medium with the lowest amount of sucrose favoured the aerial part growth of varieties ) 61-49, Rupestris de Lot, Superior and 196-17. This major growth of aerial part of explant (organs with clhorophyll), did not produce it in radical system. Development of this system was independent of sugar concentration in substrat and more in relation with grape variety Substrat with 20 gl(elevado a -1) of sucrose also shown a light major inclination to vitrification of in vitro plant. material[ES]: Se estudia el efecto de dos concentraciones (20 y 30 gl(elevado a -1)) de sacarosa en el medio de cultivo, sobre el desarrollo in vitro de los portainjertos de vid 41B, 110 de ichter,) 96-17, 161-49 de Couderc y Rupestris de Lot, del cultivar Superior y de los clones CH-) y CH-2 procedentes de Chile. El medio con la concentración mas baja de sacarosa favoreció, en general el crecimiento de la parte aérea del material de vid in vitro, en especial de las variedades 161-49, Rupestris de Lot, Superior y 196-17. Este mayor crecimiento de la parte aérea del explanto (órganos con clorofila), no se produjo en el sistema radical, cuyo desarrollo fue independiente de la concentración de azúcar en el medio y mas relacionable con la variedad de vid. El medio con 20 gl(elevado a -1) de sacarosa también mostró una ligera mayor predisposición a.la vitrificacón del material vegetal in vitro.Peer reviewe

Pros and cons of olive fertigation: Influence on fruit and oil quality

Agronomic practices can modify olive fruit and oil quality. However, there is little information on the influence of fertigation, a common practice in most intensive orchards. We studied nutrient distribution in the soil profile following fertigation with different doses of N-P-K fertilizer, and its effect on nutrient concentrations, yield and both table olive and oil quality. Measurements were performed in an adult 'Manzanilla de Sevilla' olive orchard in which 100, 200 and 400 g N per tree and irrigation period of a 4N-1P-3K fertilizer were applied by fertigation from 1999 to 2001 (three growing seasons) and 200, 400 and 600 g N of the same fertilizer were applied in the two following growing seasons (2002-2003). A control treatment, irrigation without fertilizer, was also established. Irrigation amounts were similar in all treatments. In 2003, NO3-N, P and K concentrations in the root zone wetted by irrigation were studied: they increased with respect to those in the drying zone, showing a general linear relationship with fertilizer dose, particularly in the top soil layer where most of the olive roots were active. In the 600 g N treatment, leaching losses were observed at 0.8-0.9 m depth, possibly leading to groundwater contamination. We found an increase in fruit yield with increasing fertilizer dose, likely due to the observed greater concentrations of NO3-N, P and K in the soil. In fact, our data show a positive relationship between increased soil NO3-N, P and K availability and higher leaf N, P, K concentrations. This could have accounted for the observed increase in canopy volume, fruit number per tree and fruit weight with the amount of fertilizer. Despite the fact that fruit weight, pulp/stone ratio and volume increased with fertilizer dose, reducing sugars, necessary for olive fermentation, and pulp texture decreased. Differences in texture remained after 'Spanish-style' green olive processing. In addition, no differences were found in oil content but its quality was negatively affected with increasing fertilizer: in particular, polyphenol total content, bitterness, oxidative stability and the relation of monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased with fertilizer dose

Influence of carbon source and concentration on the in vitro development of olive (Olea europaea L.) zygotic embryos and explants raised from them

6 pages, 5 tables, 33 references.The influence of sucrose or mannitol on in vitro zygotic embryo germination, seedling development and explant propagation of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) was compared. Embryos germinated without sucrose in the medium but for adequate development of the seedlings to yield viable plants, a carbohydrate supply was necessary; both sucrose and mannitol were equally suitable for this purpose. However, when explants obtained from in vitro germinated embryos were cultured with mannitol or sucrose, then the polyalcohol promoted significantly more growth than sucrose by increasing shoot length, pairs of leaves formed, and breaking apical dominance. This improved the in vitro culture of olive plant material, thus allowing new olive clonal lines to be obtained in shorter times. This will assist in future breeding experiments with the species.Peer reviewe

Influence of carbon source and concentration on the in vitro development of olive (Olea europaea L.) zygotic embryos and explants raised from them

6 pages, 5 tables, 33 references.The influence of sucrose or mannitol on in vitro zygotic embryo germination, seedling development and explant propagation of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) was compared. Embryos germinated without sucrose in the medium but for adequate development of the seedlings to yield viable plants, a carbohydrate supply was necessary; both sucrose and mannitol were equally suitable for this purpose. However, when explants obtained from in vitro germinated embryos were cultured with mannitol or sucrose, then the polyalcohol promoted significantly more growth than sucrose by increasing shoot length, pairs of leaves formed, and breaking apical dominance. This improved the in vitro culture of olive plant material, thus allowing new olive clonal lines to be obtained in shorter times. This will assist in future breeding experiments with the species.Peer reviewe

The floral biology of the olive: effect of flower number, type and distribution on fruitset

10 pages, 1 figure, 5 tables, 15 references.The effect of flower number and distribution on the fruiting behavior of various olive cultivars was studied over a period of 10 years. The number of staminate flowers within each cultivar had no significant effect on fruitset. Pre-bloom removal of up to 50% of the flowers did not affect fruitset. Variation in prebloom flower-removal position resulted in similar fruitset per inflorescence, whether flowers were removed along the inflorescence axis or from the distal half of each inflorescence. Removal of half of the inflorescences resulted in doubling the fruit set on the remaining ones, except in cv. Koronaiki which normally sets more than one fruit on most of its inflorescences. The distal fruitful inflorescence set more than one fruit (mostly two) on 70–80% of the shoots of various cultivars. In cv. Santa Caterina a clear increase in fruitset per shoot was observed when 80% of the flowers per inflorescence were removed. In this cultivar the lateral flowers were significantly more fruitful than the king flower. This however, was not the case with cv. Manzanillo.Peer reviewe

"Echinospartum algibicum (Leguminosae)" regeneración de plantas mediante organogémesis adventicia

chinospartum algibicum (Leguminosae) regeneración de plantas mediante organogénesis adventicia. La germinación in vitro de semillas de E.algibicum, especie endémica de la Sierra de Grazalema, S de España, así como la inducción de yemas múltiples y el desarrollo posterior de brotes, se consiguió en el medio de cultivo de Murashige y Skoog a mitad de concentración, con 3% de sacarosa y citoquinina (BAP) a las concentraciones de 1 y 2 mg l -1 (ECH-1, ECH-2). La germinación de las semillas se incrementó significativamente de 38% a casi 100% tras la escarificación. El número medio de yemas formado después de 35-40 días fue de 8,6 y 6,9 en los medios ECH-1 y ECH-2 respectivamente. Los brotes fueron posteriormente enraizados en el mismo medio nutritivo pero sustituyendo la citoquinina por la auxina IBA (0.2 mg l -1 ). En este medio, se consiguió un porcentaje medio de enraizamiento de 35,49 después de 25-30 días, y en algunos casos la formación de masas de callo en las zonas de los brotes en contacto con el medio nutritivo. Finalmente, se ensayó la aclimatación de estas plantas a suelo mediante reducción progresiva de la humedad relativa y tras varios tratamientos que incluyeron el uso de CO 2 , la adición de inoculo de micorriza (Glomus deserticola) al substrato de cultivo, así como el uso de un medio de cultivo sin reguladores de crecimiento y mitad de sacarosa previo paso a suelo. Los porcentajes de supervivencia después de 60 días en suelo fueron mayores para la plantas sometidas a los tratamientos con CO 2 aunque los porcentajes medios fueron algo bajos

Estado sanitario y resistencia a la clorosis férrica

12 páginas, 15 fotografías.La observación radicular se llevó a cabo tras descubrir las raíces hasta una profundidad máxima de 50 cm. El exámen de los pámpanos accesibles se realizó hasta una al tura de 2.5 m.Peer reviewe

In vitro culture, a method to improve germination of plants with forestal interest in Andalusia

Se compara la germinación obtenida por métodos convencionales (siembra de semillas en bandejas), con la lograda por el cultivo in vitro de semillas con cubierta, con cubierta escarificada, sin cubierta o embriones aislados, de especies vegetales elegidas por su carácter endémico, su interés como plantas forestales en Andalucía, su dificultad de germinación y su situación de en peligro de extinción o clara regresión. Los resultados obtenidos con semillas por métodos tradicionales, fueron muy pobres tanto en el porcentaje de germinación, como en el tiempo prolongado, necesario para ello. Por el contrario, los procedimientos de germinación in vitro, que se utilizaron siempre de mas sencillo (semilla completa) a mas complicado (embrión), dieron tantos por ciento elevados de germinación en tiempos reducidos, como se especifica para cada especie: Atropa baetica Willk., 100% de germinación en 30 días con semilla completa sin escarificar; Echinospartum algibicum Talavera & Aparicio, 100% de germinación en 30 días, con semilla completa escarificada; Juniperus oxycedrus, L. subsp, oxycedrus, y Juniperus oxycedrus, L. subsp, macrocarpa (Sibth. & Reuter) Ball., 50% de germinación en 45 días con embriones aislados; Lavatera maritima Gouan, 76% de germinación a los 21 días, con semillas completas sin escarificar; Olea europaea L. var.sativa, Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris Brot., 100% de germinación en 10 días con embriones aislados; Phillyrea latifolia L., 55% de germinación a los 7 días en embriones aislados y Rhododendron ponticum subsp. baeticum (Boiss. & Reuter) Hand-Mazz. 90 % en 30 días con semillas completas. En todas las especies consideradas, se obtuvieron porcentajes elevados de supervivencia (>85%) al trasplantar las plántulas desde in vitro a condiciones externas.Seed germination by traditional methods and in vitro culture of normal, scarified or naked seeds, or isolated embryos of Andalusian forestal plants, were compared. The plants were chosen by their endemic character, dificulty of germination and endangered situation. In general, traditional methods gave bad results, in terms of low percentage and long time of germination. On the contrary, by in vitro culture, the following results were obtained: Atropa baetica Willk., 100% of germination in 30 days with normal seeds; Echinospartum algibicum Talavera & Aparicio, 100% of germination in 30 days, with scarified seeds; Juniperus oxycedrus, L. subsps, oxycedrus and macrocarpa, (Sibth. & Reuter) Ball., 50% of germination in 45 days with isolated embryos; Lavatera maritima Gouan, 76% of germination in 21 days, with normal seeds; Olea europaea L. vars. sativa and sylvestris, Brot. 100% of germination in 10 days with isolated embryos; Phillyrea latifolia L., 55% of germination in 7 days with isolated embryos and Rhododendron ponticum subsp. baeticum (Boiss. & Reuter) HandMazz. 90 % of germination in 30 days with normal seeds. All the species considered gave high percentage of surviving plants (> 85%) when transplanted from in vitro to outside conditions