Diversification of transit risks of Russia as a basis for economic and energy security in European countries

The paper examines the dependence of energy security against the European Union (EU) and Russia, where the main threats are the insufficient diversification of supplies, the difficulties in gas transportation and the high transit tariffs. It covers the threats of location of the gas transportation system in Ukraine, through the territory of which a significant volume of gas purchases to the EU countries is delivered. The ways of diversifying transit risks have been identified through the Yamal-Europe, Blue Stream, and Nord Stream gas pipelines, as well as by the implementation of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline. This will allow diversifying the EU transit risks and supplying gas to Austria through the territory of Germany, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In turn could be determined by political and economic instability. In the methodological part of the paper, an analysis of gas consumption in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe was made, which showed fairly stable consumption with a slight decrease in demand.peer-reviewe

Landsat imagery evidences great recent land cover changes induced by wild fires in central Siberia

The article discusses the methods of satellite image classification to determine general types of forest ecosystems, as well as the long-term monitoring of ecosystems changes using satellite imagery of medium spatial resolution and the daily data of space monitoring of active fires. The area of interest of this work is 100 km footprint of the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO), located near the Zotino settlement, Krasnoyarsk region. The study area is located in the middle taiga subzone of Western Siberia, are presented by the left and right banks of the Yenisei river. For Landsat satellite imagery supervised classification by the maximum likelihood method was made using ground-based studies over the last fifteen years. The results are the identification of the 10 aggregated classes of land surface and composition of the study area thematic map. Operational satellite monitoring and analysis of spatial information about ecosystem in the 100-kilometer footprint of the ZOTTO tall tower allows to monitor the dynamics of forest disturbance by fire and logging over a long time period and to estimate changes in forest ecosystems of the study area. Data on the number and area of fires detected in the study region for the 2000-2014 received in the work. Calculations show that active fires have burned more than a quarter of the footprint area over the study period. Fires have a significant impact on the redistribution of classes of land surface. Area of all types of vegetation ecosystems declined dramatically under the influence of fires, whereas industrial logging does not impact seriously on it. The results obtained in our work indicate the highest occurrence of fires for lichen forest types within study region, probably due to their high natural fire danger, which is consistent with other studies. The least damage the fire caused to the wetland ecosystem due to high content of moisture and the presence of a large number of fire breaks in the form of open water

Los estereotipos sobre los espafloles

The work deals with the existing stereotypes concerning Russia and Spain. It dwells on the cultural peculiarities of both countries, myths about both cultures and the actual reality. The results if this research can be used as exemplification means at the classes devoted to Spanish and Russian culture

The use of chronemes in publicistic discource of Dan Bilefsky and Ellen Barry (based on the New York Times)

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the use of chronemes as markers of nonverbal communication by the journalists of the popular American newspaper The New York Times. It determines the correlation of total number, the highest and lowest concentration of chronemes in articles by Dan Bilefsky and Ellen Barr

Determinantes do número de segmentos operacionais pós-adoção da IFRS 8: Evidência em Bancos da União Europeia

Os objetivos deste estudo são identificar as principais características económico-financeiras determinantes do número de segmentos relatados por Bancos da União Europeia e analisar o consequente efeito da adoção da IFRS 8 - Segmentos Operacionais. Esta norma permite entender melhor o desempenho de uma entidade, facilitando julgamentos e avaliação de riscos e oportunidades. Contudo, a investigação sobre impactos da adoção da IFRS 8 não tem abrangido o setor bancário, pese embora a sua adoção num período em que, devido à crise do subprime, se passou a exigir mais transparência a este sector. Com uma amostra de 146 Bancos da UE com ações admitidas à cotação em Bolsa e uma janela temporal de 13 anos com início em 2005, o presente estudo revela-se oportuno. Os resultados demonstram que o número de segmentos operacionais será tanto maior quanto maior for a diversidade de bolsas de valores onde o capital está admitido, a dimensão do Banco e o seu nível de crescimento, e quanto menor for a sua alavancagem e a dispersão do capital dos acionistas, não sendo a rentabilidade ou o tipo de auditor um factor determinante. Separando--os por linha de negócios e por área geográfica, evidenciam-se algumas diferenças (e.g., dispersão de capital, dimensão do banco, alavancagem). Por outrolado, os resultados comprovam que o número de segmentos aumentou depoisda adoção da IFRS 8, e que a associação de alguns determinantes com o número de segmentos também se altera, sendo essa alteração mais significativa quando estes são apresentados por geografias.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Patterns of Bioelectrical Brain Activity of Stroke Patients after Using Neurofeedback in the Rehabilitation Process

Background: Stroke patients develop the ability to perform higher levels of functional activity on basis of concentrated rehabilitative training which affects sensory, motor and cognitive functions. Objective: The main aim of our work was to show the usefullness of neurofeedback therapy in rehabilitation of stroke patients. Design: 27 stroke patients with severe disabilitis were included in the pilot study (men aged 32 to 68 years, mean age 52.4 ± 3.29 years, median 57 years). They all underwent complex study of brain bioelectrical activity EEG and 15 trainings of neurofeedback. Results: By the end of the rehabilitation (after 17 sessions) recollection of psychotrauma led to an increase in the power of the alpha rhythm in both left and right hemispheres. Atthe endpoint of the study differences in the power of the alpha rhythm in the left hemisphere were 1.47 times greater, and in the right hemisphere, 1.95 times greater than at the first visit. The regress of theta rhythm (1.25 times in the left, 1.11 times in the right hemisphere) decreased considerable, which affected the alpha / thetaratio - decreased 1.04 times in the left, 1.18 times in the right hemisphere, and also the coefficient (alpha + theta) / beta - decreased 1.17 times in the left and 1.21 times in the right. Differences in the saturation of blood vessels index at the last visit were 1.69 times greater than at the first visit. Neurophysiological changes correlated with an improvement in the emotional shpere. By the time of discharge, the indicators on the Beck depression scale decreased by 1.4 times, on the Spielberger-Khanin scale, situational anxiety decreased by 1.63 times, personal anxiety - by 1.4 times; regression of indicators in the hospital scale of anxiety and depression (HADS) was observed in 1.89 times. Conclusion: The data presented indicate that the use of the neurofeedbackmethod leads to a reduction of anxiety-depressive disorders, which positively affects the usefulness of combine rehabilitation. Keywords: stroke, neurofeedback, electroencephalogram, alpha rhythm, rehabilitation

H13^{13}CN-HN13^{13}C intensity ratio as a temperature indicator of interstellar clouds

With the 30-m IRAM radio telescope, we observed several massive star forming regions at wavelengths of 3-4 and 2 mm. The temperature of the gas in the sources was estimated from the lines of CH$_{3}$CCH and from the transitions of the NH$_3$ molecule obtained during observations at the 100-m radio telescope in Effelsberg. As a result, a correlation between the integrated intensity ratios of the $J=1-0$ transitions of H$^{13}$CN and HN$^{13}$C and the kinetic temperature has been obtained. The obtained results allow us to propose the use of the intensity ratio H$^{13}$CN-HN$^{13}$C as a possible temperature indicator of interstellar clouds. We also compared the obtained estimates of the kinetic temperature with the dust temperature $T_{dust}$. As a result, no significant correlation was found.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, Accepted for publication in Astronomy Reports (2022