A Historiometric Examination of Machiavellianism and a New Taxonomy of Leadership

Although researchers have extensively examined the relationship between charismatic leadership and Machiavellianism (Deluga, 2001; Gardner & Avolio, 1995; House & Howell, 1992), there has been a lack of investigation of Machiavellianism in relation to alternative forms of outstanding leadership. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between Machiavellianism and a new taxonomy of outstanding leadership comprised of charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic leaders. Using an historiometric approach, raters assessed Machiavellianism via the communications of 120 outstanding leaders in organizations across the domains of business, political, military, and religious institutions. Academic biographies were used to assess twelve general performance measures as well as twelve general controls and five communication specific controls. The results indicated that differing levels of Machiavellianism is evidenced across the differing leader types as well as differing leader orientation. Additionally, Machiavellianism appears negatively related to performance, though less so when type and orientation are taken into account.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

On the mechanisms governing gas penetration into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection

A new 1D radial fluid code, IMAGINE, is used to simulate the penetration of gas into a tokamak plasma during a massive gas injection (MGI). The main result is that the gas is in general strongly braked as it reaches the plasma, due to mechanisms related to charge exchange and (to a smaller extent) recombination. As a result, only a fraction of the gas penetrates into the plasma. Also, a shock wave is created in the gas which propagates away from the plasma, braking and compressing the incoming gas. Simulation results are quantitatively consistent, at least in terms of orders of magnitude, with experimental data for a D 2 MGI into a JET Ohmic plasma. Simulations of MGI into the background plasma surrounding a runaway electron beam show that if the background electron density is too high, the gas may not penetrate, suggesting a possible explanation for the recent results of Reux et al in JET (2015 Nucl. Fusion 55 093013)

One Party Does Not Tango! Fishers' Non-participation As A Barrier To Co-management In Paraty, Brazil

In Paraty (Brazil), where small-scale fisheries and protected areas management are intertwined, government agencies have shown an intention to transition towards participatory management schemes. Regardless of fishers' great interest in participation, the low number of fishers attending meetings is a recurrent theme. The objective of this paper is to contribute to understanding why small-scale fishers do not participate in meetings with the government (or rarely do). The research was based on a case study in two adjacent communities in Paraty: Praia Grande and Ilha do Araújo. Data came from three main sources: interviews with fishers; participant observation during a Consultative Council meeting of the Tamoios Ecological Station (a no-take protected area) in which a participatory process was initiated; and interviews with officers of the protected area. Fishers' reasons for why they do not participate in meetings with the government, or why there is low fisher participation in such meetings, were numerous and divide into three themes: (1) hierarchical governance (legislation and fishers-government relationship); (2) fisher-related barriers (fishers' feelings/emotions or perceptions towards meetings, incompatibility between fishers' way of life and meetings, and representativeness); and (3) process deficiency (previous to the meeting, during the meeting, and meetings' outcomes). Our research sheds light on the non-participants' viewpoints about government meetings, contributing to filling a research gap in the participation literature, while also contributing to knowledge about barriers to the emergence of co-management (e.g. conflictual relationships between the two parties, and the nature of the meetings). Based on fishers' opinions about meetings they would definitely participate in, the analysis of fishers' reasons for not participating as well as the managers' perspectives, and the evaluation of the meeting (using Rowe and Frewer's framework), we propose guidelines for developing participatory processes in fisheries management: (i) the convening of the meetings should be appropriate; (ii) the facilitation of the whole participatory process must be unbiased; (iii) the transparency of the process should be ensured both internally and externally; and (iv) the objectives, procedures and intended outcomes must be clearly defined. Recommendations for future actions in the transition towards co-management are also made, such as capacity building initiatives involving fishers and managers. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.92918Almeida, M.W.B., OEstatuto da Terra e as reservas Exrativistas (1995) Reforma Agrária, 25, pp. 153-166Andrew, N.L., Béné, C., Hall, S.J., Allison, E.H., Heck, S., Ratner, B.D., Diagnosis and management of small-scale fisheries in developing countries (2007) Fish. Fish., 8, pp. 227-240Arnstein, S.R., Aladder of citizen participation (1969) J.Am. Plann. Assoc., 35, pp. 216-224Begossi, A., Lopes, P.F., de Oliveira, L.E.C., Nakano, H., (2010) Ecologia de Pescadores Artesanais da Baía de Ilha Grande, , Editora Rima, São CarlosBerkes, F., Community-based conservation in a globalized world (2007) P.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, pp. 15188-15193Berkes, F., Evolution of co-management: role of knowledge generation, bridging organization and social learning (2009) J.Environ. Manage., 90, pp. 1692-1702Berkes, F., Armitage, D., Doubleday, N., Synthesis: adapting, innovating, evolving (2007) Adaptive Co-management. Collaboration, Learning, and Multi-level Governance, pp. 308-327. , UBC Press, Vancouver, D. Armitage, F. Berkes, N. Doubleday (Eds.)Berkes, F., Mahon, R., McConney, P., Pollnac, R., Pomeroy, R., (2001) Managing Small-scale Fisheries: Alternative Directions and Methods, , International Development Research Centre, OttawaBernard, H.R., (2006) Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, , Altamira Press, LanhamBreton, Y., Benazera, C., Plante, S., Cavanagh, J., Fisheries management and the ColÔnias in Brazil: a case of a top-down producers' organization (1996) Soc. Natur. Resour., 9, pp. 307-315Booth, A., Halseth, G., Why the public thinks natural resources public participation processes fail: a case study of British Columbia communities (2011) Land Use Policy, 28, pp. 898-906Carlsson, L., Berkes, F., Co-management: concepts and methodological implications (2005) J.Environ. Manage., 75, pp. 65-76Castro, F., McGrath, D., OManejo Comunitário de Lagos na AmazÔnia (2001) Parcerias Estratégicas, 12, pp. 112-126Cinner, J.E., McClanahan, T.R., MacNeil, M.A., Graham, N.A.J., Daw, T.M., Mukminin, A., Feary, D.A., Kuange, J., Comanagement of coral reef social-ecological systems (2012) P.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, pp. 5219-5222Cornwall, A., Unpacking 'participation' models, meanings and practices (2008) Community Dev. J., 43, pp. 269-283Diduck, A., Sinclair, J., Public involvement in environmental assessment: the case of the Nonparticipant (2002) Environ. Manage., 29, pp. 578-588Diegues, A.C., Artisanal Fisheries in Brazil (2006) SAMUDRA Monograph, , International Collective in Support of Fishworkers, ChennaiDunn, K., Interviewing (2008) Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography, pp. 79-105. , Oxford University Press, Melbourne, I. Hay (Ed.)Fiorino, D.J., Citizen participation and environmental risk: a survey of institutional mechanisms (1990) Sci. Technol. Hum. Val., 15 (2), pp. 226-243Gelcich, S., Kaiser, M., Castilla, J.C., Edwards-Jones, G., Engagement in co-management of marine benthic resources influences environmental perceptions of artisanal fishers (2008) Environ. Conserv., 35, pp. 36-45Gutiérrez, N.L., Hilborn, R., Defeo, O., Leadership, social capital and incentives promote successful fisheries (2011) Nature, 470, pp. 386-389Hanazaki, N., Berkes, F., Seixas, C.S., Peroni, N., Livelihood diversity, food security and resilience among the Caiçara of coastal Brazil (2013) Hum. Ecol., 41, pp. 153-164Hanazaki, N., de Castro, F., Oliveira, V.G., Peroni, N., Between the sea and the land: the livelihood of estuarine people in southeastern Brazil (2007) Ambiente Soc., 10, pp. 121-136Hanna, S.S., User participation and fishery management performance within the Pacific fishery management council (1995) Ocean. Coast. Manage., 28, pp. 23-44(2009) Relatório "Um ano de monitoramento das atividades humanas em áreas da Estação Ecológica de Tamoios", p. 65. , Paraty, RJ, A.N. Gomes, R.P. Lima (Eds.), ICMBioJentoft, S., Fisheries co-management: delegating government responsibility to fishermen's organizations (1989) Mar. Pol., 13, pp. 137-154Jentoft, S., Fisheries co-management as empowerment (2005) Mar. Pol., 29, pp. 1-7Jentoft, S., McCay, B., User participation in fisheries management: lessons drawn from international experiences (1995) Mar. Pol., 19, pp. 227-246Jentoft, S., McCay, B.J., Wilson, D.C., Social theory and fisheries co-management (1998) Mar. Pol., 22, pp. 423-436Kalikoski, D.C., Seixas, C.S., Almudi, T., Gestão compartilhada e comunitária da pesca no Brasil: avanços e desafios (2009) Ambiente Soc., 12, pp. 151-172McCay, B.J., Jentoft, S., From the bottom up: participatory issues in fisheries management (1996) Soc. Natur. Resour., 9, pp. 237-250Medeiros, R.P., (2009) Possibilidades e obstáculos a co-gestão adaptativa de sistemas pesqueiros artesanais: estudo de caso na área da Baía de Tijucas, litoral centro-norte do estado de Santa Catarina, no período de 2004 a 2008, , Doctoral dissertation, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, FlorianópolisPeterson, N.D., Excluding to include: (Non)participation in Mexican natural resource management (2011) Agric. Hum. Val., 28, pp. 99-107(1989) Co-operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions in Improved Management and Community Development, , University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, E. Pinkerton (Ed.)Pomeroy, R.S., Berkes, F., Two to tango: the role of government in fisheries co-management (1997) Mar. Pol., 21, pp. 465-480Rowe, G., Frewer, L.J., Public participation methods: a framework for evaluation (2000) Sci. Technol. Hum. Val., 25, pp. 3-29Rowe, G., Marsh, R., Frewer, L.J., Evaluation of a deliberative conference in science (2004) Sci. Technol. Hum. Val., 29, pp. 88-121Seixas, C.S., Minte-Vera, C.V., Ferreira, R.G., Moura, R.L., Curado, I.B., Pezzuti, J., Thé, A.P.G., Francini-Filho, R.B., Co-managing commons: advancing aquatic resources management in Brazil (2009) Current Trends in Human Ecology, pp. 156-182. , Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle, P. Lopes, A. Begossi (Eds.)Silva, C.N.S., Broadhurst, M.K., Medeiros, R.P., Dias, J.H., Resolving environmental issues in the southern Brazilian artisanal penaeid-trawl fishery through adaptive co-management (2013) Mar. Pol., 42, pp. 133-141Singleton, S., Co-operation or capture? The paradox of co-management and community participation in natural resource management and environmental policy-making (2000) Environ. Polit., 9, pp. 1-21Trimble, M., (2013) Towards Adaptive Co-management of Artisanal Fisheries in Coastal Uruguay: Analysis of Barriers and Opportunities, with Comparisons to Paraty (Brazil), , http://umanitoba.ca/institutes/natural_resources/canadaresearchchair/thesis/trimble_micaela.pdf, Doctoral dissertation, University of Manitoba, WinnipegTrimble, M., Berkes, F., Participatory research towards co-management: lessons from artisanal fisheries in coastal Uruguay (2013) J.Environ. Manage., 128, pp. 768-778Trimble, M., Johnson, D., Artisanal fishing as an undesirable way of life? The implications for governance of fishers' wellbeing aspirations in coastal Uruguay and southeastern Brazil (2013) Mar. Pol., 37, pp. 37-44Walker, G.B., Daniels, S.E., Natural resource policy and the paradox of public involvement: bringing scientists and citizens together (2001) Understanding Community-based Ecosystem Management, pp. 253-269. , The Haworth Press, Inc., New York, G.J. Gray, M.J. Enzer, J. Kusel (Eds.)Webler, T., Tuler, S., Four perspectives on public participation process in environmental assessment and decision making: combined results from 10 case studies (2006) Policy Stud. J., 34, pp. 699-722The Fisheries Co-management Experience. Accomplishments, Challenges and Prospects (2003) Fish Fisheries Serie, 26. , Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, D.C. Wilson, J.R. Nielsen, P. Degnbol (Eds.)Yin, R.K., (1994) Case Study Research. Design and Methods, , Sage Publications Inc., Thousand OaksZachrisson, A., Deliberative democracy and co-management of natural resources: snowmobile regulation in western Sweden (2010) Int. J. Commons, 4, pp. 273-29

Four novel U RNAs are encoded by a herpesvirus

Marmoset T lymphocytes transformed by herpesvirus saimiri contain the first virally encoded U RNAs (called HSURs) to be identified. HSURs assemble into small nuclear ribonucleoproteins of low abundance (⩽ 2 × 10 4 copies/cell). They bind proteins with Sm determinants and acquire a 5′ trimethylguanosine cap structure. The sequences of HSUR 1 (143 nucleotides), HSUR 2 (115 nucleotides), HSUR 3 (76 nucleotides), and HSUR 4 (106 nucleotides) are related to each other but are distinct from any previously characterized cellular U RNA. The viral genes encoding the HSURs possess conserved enhancer, promoter, and 3′ end formation signals unique to U RNA genes. HSUR 1 and HSUR 2 have a similar 5′ end sequence that exhibits perfect complementarity to the highly conserved AAUAAA polyadenylation signal. Oligonucleotide directed RNAase H degradation indicates that this 5′ end region is available for base pairing interactions within the HSUR 1 and HSUR 2 snRNP particles

Septin Function in Candida albicans Morphogenesis

The septin proteins function in the formation of septa, mating projections, and spores in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as in cell division and other processes in animal cells. Candida albicans septins were examined in this study for their roles in morphogenesis of this multimorphic, opportunistically pathogenic fungus, which can range from round budding yeast to elongated hyphae. C. albicans green fluorescent protein labeled septin proteins localized to a tight ring at the bud and pseudohyphae necks and as a more diffuse array in emerging germ tubes of hyphae. Deletion analysis demonstrated that the C. albicans homologs of the S. cerevisiae CDC3 and CDC12 septins are essential for viability. In contrast, the C. albicans cdc10Δ and cdc11Δ mutants were viable but displayed conditional defects in cytokinesis, localization of cell wall chitin, and bud morphology. The mutant phenotypes were not identical, however, indicating that these septins carry out distinct functions. The viable septin mutants could be stimulated to undergo hyphal morphogenesis but formed hyphae with abnormal curvature, and they differed from wild type in the selection of sites for subsequent rounds of hyphal formation. The cdc11Δ mutants were also defective for invasive growth when embedded in agar. These results further extend the known roles of the septins by demonstrating that they are essential for the proper morphogenesis of C. albicans during both budding and filamentous growth