Graphene Oxide-Based Hybrids for Chemiresistive VOCs Sensors

INTRODUCTION The sensing of gas molecules is of primary importance for environmental monitoring, control of chemical processes, medical applications, and so on1. In recent years, graphene-based gas sensors have attracted much attention due to enhanced graphene thermo-electric conductivity, surface area and mechanical strength. Thus, different structures have been developed and high sensing performances and room temperature working conditions were achieved1. However, they still suffer from several problems, which could be overcome by covering the graphene surface with metal oxide nanoparticles2. Furthermore, studies regarding the detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are still at the beginning1. Hence, the present work will be aimed at: i) optimizing the synthetic routes of ad hoc composite VOCs sensing materials (based on graphene oxide/SnO2 or ZnO hybrids) and their deep physico-chemical characterizations; ii) engineering the gas sensor device; and iii) evaluating the sensing performances at both high and mild temperatures (also exploiting the UV light) towards gaseous ethanol, acetone and ethylbenzene. EXPERIMENTAL/THEORETICAL STUDY Starting from pure graphite, graphene oxide (GO) powder was synthesized by adopting the Hummer\u2019s modified method2. The synthetic route was deeply investigated by modulating both the starting carbon material (powder or flakes graphite) and the concentration of the H2O2 (i.e. the quenching/oxidizing agent), thus tailoring the final GO surface/structural properties. Once optimized this step, SnO2 or ZnO were grown on its surface by a hydrothermal method, varying the starting salt precursor/GO weight ratio (ZnxGO or SnxGO, x = 4, 8, 16, 32). For comparison, pure SnO2 and ZnO (both commercial and home-made) were also tested. Several physico-chemical techniques have been used to characterize all the as-prepared nanopowders, such as XRPD, BET, Raman, FTIR, XPS, TEM and electrochemical analyses (CV and EIS). Subsequently, a homogeneous layer was deposited by spraying technique onto Pt-Interdigitated Electrodes (IDEs) starting from an ethanol suspension of each sample (2.5 mg mL-1). Then, gaseous ethanol, acetone and ethylbenzene (the more interesting one, being nowadays the less studied VOC) were sensed by using a Linkam Scientific stage, equipped with an electrochemical workstation for the chronoamperometric measurements. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The effective synthesis of graphene oxide sheets and, subsequently, the growth of metal oxide nanoparticles on its surface were confirmed by exploiting different physico-chemical techniques. As concerns the VOCs sensing analyses, we obtained very promising results (in terms of both response/recovery time and sensibility down to ppb levels) for either pure and hybrid materials at 350\ub0C, and at lower temperatures (150\ub0C to RT, by exploiting UV light) for the graphene-based samples (Figure 1), thanks to the presence of the carbon material.Furthermore, a similar behavior has been noticed towards acetone and ethylbenzene pollutants. CONCLUSION Very promising results have been obtained with graphene oxide-based materials, which reveal to be more performing than the corresponding pure samples. Hence, these powders may represent very potential candidates for the gas sensing of highly toxic VOCs traces, both for environmental and medical diagnosis1 purposes

Detection of VOCs Traces by Graphene Oxide-Metal Oxide Gas Sensors

The sensing of gas molecules is of fundamental importance for environmental monitoring, control of chemical processes, medical applications, and so on [1-3]. In recent years, graphene-based gas sensors have attracted much attention due to enhanced graphene thermo-electric conductivity, surface area and mechanical strength. Thus, different structures have been developed and high sensing performances and room temperature working conditions were achieved [2,4]. However, they still suffer from several problems, which could be overcome by covering the graphene surface with metal oxide nanoparticles [2]. Furthermore, studies regarding the detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are still at the beginning [3]. Hence, the present work will be aimed at: i) optimizing the synthetic routes of ad hoc composite VOCs sensing materials (based on graphene oxide/SnO2 or ZnO hybrids) and their deep physico-chemical characterizations; ii) engineering the gas sensor device; and iii) evaluating the sensing performances at both high and mild temperatures (also exploiting the UV light) towards gaseous ethanol, acetone and ethylbenzene. Starting from pure graphite, graphene oxide (GO) powder was synthesized by adopting the Hummer\u2019s modified method [5]. The synthetic route was deeply investigated by modulating both the starting carbon material (powder or flakes graphite) and the concentration of the H2O2 (i.e. the quenching/oxidizing agent), thus tailoring the final GO surface/structural properties (TEM images in Fig. 1a and 1b). Once optimized this step, SnO2 or ZnO were grown on its surface by a hydrothermal method, varying the starting salt precursor/GO weight ratio between 4 and 32 (Fig. 1c and 1d). For comparison, pure SnO2 and ZnO (both commercial and home-made) were also tested. Several physico-chemical techniques have been used to characterize all the as-prepared nanopowders, such as XRPD, Raman, FTIR, XPS and TEM analyses. Subsequently, a homogeneous layer was deposited by spraying technique onto Pt-Interdigitated Electrodes (IDEs) starting from an ethanol suspension of each sample (2.0\u20132.5 mg mL-1). Then, gaseous ethanol, acetone and the less studied ethylbenzene were sensed, obtaining very promising results (in terms of both response/recovery time and sensibility down to ppb levels) for either pure and hybrid materials at 350\ub0C, and at lower temperatures (150\ub0C to 30\ub0C) for the graphene-based samples. Hence, these powders may represent very potential candidates for the gas sensing of highly toxic VOCs traces, both for environmental [1] and medical [3] diagnosis purposes

An electrochemical outlook upon the gaseous ethanol sensing by graphene oxide-SnO2 hybrid materials

Breakthroughs in the synthesis of hybrid materials have led to the development of a plethora of chemiresistors that could operate at lower and lower temperatures. Herein, we report the fabrication of novel composite ma- terials (SnO2-GO 4:1, 8:1 and 16:1) based on graphene oxide (GO) sheets decorated with tin dioxide nano- particles, through a controlled chemical growth. We succeeded in obtaining widely spaced isles of the metal oxide on the carbonaceous material, thus enhancing the electron transfer process (i.e. favored convergent dif- fusion, as investigated through cyclic voltammetric analysis), which plays a pivotal role for the final sensing behavior. Indeed, only with SnO2-GO 16:1 sample, superior responses towards gaseous ethanol were observed both at 150 \ub0C and at RT (by exploiting the UV light), with respect to pristine SnO2 and mechanically prepared SnO2(16)@GO material. Particularly, an improvement of the sensitivity (down to 10 ppb), response and recovery times (about of 60\u201370 s) was assessed. Besides, all the powders were finely characterized on structural (XRPD, FTIR and Raman spectroscopies), surface (active surface area, pores volume, XPS), morphological (SEM, TEM) and electrochemical (cyclic voltammetries) points of view, confirming the effective growth of SnO2 nano- particles on the GO sheets

NNLO Logarithmic Expansions and Precise Determinations of the Neutral Currents near the Z Resonance at the LHC: The Drell-Yan case

We present a comparative study of the invariant mass and rapidity distributions in Drell-Yan lepton pair production, with particular emphasis on the role played by the QCD evolution. We focus our study around the Z resonance ($50 <Q < 200$ GeV) and perform a general analysis of the factorization/renormalization scale dependence of the cross sections, with the two scales included both in the evolution and in the hard scatterings. We also present the variations of the cross sections due to the errors on the parton distributions (pdf's) and an analysis of the corresponding $K$-factors. Predictions from several sets of pdf's, evolved by MRST and Alekhin are compared with those generated using \textsc{Candia}, a NNLO evolution program that implements the theory of the logarithmic expansions, developed in a previous work. These expansions allow to select truncated solutions of varying accuracy using the method of the $x$-space iterates. The evolved parton distributions are in good agreement with other approaches. The study can be generalized for high precision searches of extra neutral gauge interactions at the LHC.Comment: 75 pages,30 figures, 30 table

Post‐activation potentiation: is there an optimal training volume and intensity to Induce improvements in vertical jump ability in highly‐trained subjects?

The aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of performing half squats (HSs) with different loading intensities (1, 3, and 5 repetitions maximum [RM], and 60% 1RM) and a different number of sets (1, 2, and 3) on the countermovement jump (CMJ) performance of 18 highly‐trained male subjects. Participants were submitted to four experimental conditions (1RM, 3RM, 5RM, and 60% 1RM) in randomized order. The CMJ was assessed before and after each set. Differences in CMJ performance between the distinct experimental conditions and individual responses in CMJ performance induced by the different protocols were analyzed via the magnitude‐based inference method. Overall, significant improvements were detected in individual CMJ heights after each activation protocol. It can be concluded that the use of 1 to 3 sets of HSs performed at moderate‐to‐high loads may be an effective strategy to improve jump performance in highly‐trained subjects. Nonetheless, despite the high efficiency of the protocols tested here, coaches and researchers are strongly encouraged to perform individualized assessments within the proposed range of loads and sets, to find optimal and tailored post‐activation potentiation protocols

Post-activation potentiation: is there an optimal training volume and intensity to induce improvements in vertical jump ability in highly-trained subjects?

The aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of performing half squats (HSs) with different loading intensities (1, 3, and 5 repetitions maximum [RM], and 60% 1RM) and a different number of sets (1, 2, and 3) on the countermovement jump (CMJ) performance of 18 highly-trained male subjects. Participants were submitted to four experimental conditions (1RM, 3RM, 5RM, and 60% 1RM) in randomized order. The CMJ was assessed before and after each set. Differences in CMJ performance between the distinct experimental conditions and individual responses in CMJ performance induced by the different protocols were analyzed via the magnitude-based inference method. Overall, significant improvements were detected in individual CMJ heights after each activation protocol. It can be concluded that the use of 1 to 3 sets of HSs performed at moderate-to-high loads may be an effective strategy to improve jump performance in highly-trained subjects. Nevertheless, despite the high efficiency of the protocols tested here, coaches and researchers are strongly encouraged to perform individualized assessments within the proposed range of loads and sets, to find optimal and tailored post-activation potentiation protocols

Effect Of Concurrent Training With Blood Flow Restriction In The Elderly.

The aim of this present study was to investigate on the effects of concurrent training with blood flow restriction (BFR-CT) and concurrent training (CT) on the aerobic fitness, muscle mass and muscle strength in a cohort of older individuals. 25 healthy older adults (64.7±4.1 years; 69.33±10.8 kg; 1.6±0.1 m) were randomly assigned to experimental groups: CT (n=8, endurance training (ET), 2 days/week for 30-40 min, 50-80% VO2peak and RT, 2 days/week, leg press with 4 sets of 10 reps at 70-80% of 1-RM with 60 s rest), BFR-CT (n=10, ET, similar to CT, but resistance training with blood flow restriction: 2 days/week, leg press with 1 set of 30 and 3 sets of 15 reps at 20-30% 1-RM with 60 s rest) or control group (n=7). Quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSAq), 1-RM and VO2peak were assessed pre- and post-examination (12 wk). The CT and BFR-CT showed similar increases in CSAq post-test (7.3%, P<0.001; 7.6%, P<0.0001, respectively), 1-RM (38.1%, P<0.001; 35.4%, P=0.001, respectively) and VO2peak (9.5%, P=0.04; 10.3%, P=0.02, respectively). The BFR-CT promotes similar neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory adaptations as CT

Criteria for the use of omics-based predictors in clinical trials.

The US National Cancer Institute (NCI), in collaboration with scientists representing multiple areas of expertise relevant to 'omics'-based test development, has developed a checklist of criteria that can be used to determine the readiness of omics-based tests for guiding patient care in clinical trials. The checklist criteria cover issues relating to specimens, assays, mathematical modelling, clinical trial design, and ethical, legal and regulatory aspects. Funding bodies and journals are encouraged to consider the checklist, which they may find useful for assessing study quality and evidence strength. The checklist will be used to evaluate proposals for NCI-sponsored clinical trials in which omics tests will be used to guide therapy

Intrinsic electrochemical activity of single walled carbon nanotube–Nafion assemblies

The intrinsic electrochemical properties and activity of single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) network electrodes modified by a drop-cast Nafion film have been determined using the one electron oxidation of ferrocene trimethyl ammonium (FcTMA+) as a model redox probe in the Nafion film. Facilitated by the very low transport coefficient of FcTMA+ in Nafion (apparent diffusion coefficient of 1.8 × 10−10 cm2 s−1), SWNTs in the 2-D network behave as individual elements, at short (practical) times, each with their own characteristic diffusion, independent of neighbouring sites, and the response is diagnostic of the proportion of SWNTs active in the composite. Data are analysed using candidate models for cases where: (i) electron transfer events only occur at discrete sites along the sidewall (with a defect density typical of chemical vapour deposition SWNTs); (ii) all of the SWNTs in a network are active. The first case predicts currents that are much smaller than seen experimentally, indicating that significant portions of SWNTs are active in the SWNT–Nafion composite. However, the predictions for a fully active SWNT result in higher currents than seen experimentally, indicating that a fraction of SWNTs are not connected and/or that not all SWNTs are wetted completely by the Nafion film to provide full access of the redox mediator to the SWNT surface

The Effect of Strength and Plyometric Training on Functional Dance Performance in Elite Ballet and Modern Dancers

Background: Ballet and modern dance are both art forms that require technique, artistry, grace and precision. Both dance forms require a degree of strength and muscular endurance for optimal performance. It is not known what value strength or plyometric training may have on functional dance performance. Objective: To systematically review the effects of strength and/or plyometric training on functional dance performance in elite ballet and modern dancers. Methods: A systematic review of literature indexed in the following databases: Medline, CINAHL, SportsDiscus, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) and PubMed was conducted. The quality of the studies was graded using the PEDro Scale. Results: Eight studies satisfied the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. The studies\u27 population age range was 19?27?years. Methodological scores based on the PEDro scale were 4 to 6 out of 10. All of the included studies (100%) scored 4 out of 10 or higher on the PEDro scale. Strength training resulted in significant improvements in jump height (P? Conclusion: Moderate evidence indicates that supplementary strength training interventions via traditional resistance training or whole-body vibration methods and plyometric training interventions may increase certain dance-performance measures such as jump height and general aesthetic facility without changing certain anthropometric measures in elite ballet and modern dancers