Asynchronous Transmitter Release from Cholecystokinin-Containing Inhibitory Interneurons Is Widespread and Target-Cell Independent

Neurotransmitter release at most central synapses is synchronized to the timing of presynaptic action potentials. Here we show that 3 classes of DSI-expressing, CCK-containing, hippocampal interneurons show highly asynchronous release in response to trains of action potentials. This asynchrony is correlated to the class of presynaptic interneuron but is unrelated to their postsynaptic cell target. Asynchronous- and synchronous release from CCK-containing interneurons show a slightly different calcium dependence such that the proportion of asynchronous release increases with external calcium concentration possibly suggesting that the modes of release are mediated by different calcium sensors. Asynchronous IPSCs include very large (up to 500 pA/7nS) amplitude events, which persist in low extracellular calcium and strontium, showing that they result from quantal transmitter release at single release sites. Finally we show that asynchronous release is prominent in response to trains of presynaptic spikes which mimic natural activity of CCK-containing interneurons. That asynchronous release from CCK-containing interneurons is a widespread phenomenon indicates a fundamental role for these cells within the hippocampal network that is distinct from the phasic inhibition provided by PV-containing interneurons

Hippocampal GABAergic inhibitory interneurons

In the hippocampus GABAergic local circuit inhibitory interneurons represent only ~10–15% of the total neuronal population; however, their remarkable anatomical and physiological diversity allows them to regulate virtually all aspects of cellular and circuit function. Here we provide an overview of the current state of the field of interneuron research, focusing largely on the hippocampus. We discuss recent advances related to the various cell types, including their development and maturation, expression of subtype-specific voltage- and ligand-gated channels, and their roles in network oscillations. We also discuss recent technological advances and approaches that have permitted high-resolution, subtype-specific examination of their roles in numerous neural circuit disorders and the emerging therapeutic strategies to ameliorate such pathophysiological conditions. The ultimate goal of this review is not only to provide a touchstone for the current state of the field, but to help pave the way for future research by highlighting where gaps in our knowledge exist and how a complete appreciation of their roles will aid in future therapeutic strategies

Combined Optogenetic Approaches Reveal Quantitative Dynamics of Endogenous Noradrenergic Transmission in the Brain

Little is known about the real-time cellular dynamics triggered by endogenous catecholamine release despite their importance in brain functions. To address this issue, we expressed channelrhodopsin in locus coeruleus neurons and protein kinase-A activity biosensors in cortical pyramidal neurons and combined two-photon imaging of biosensors with photostimulation of locus coeruleus cortical axons, in acute slices and in vivo. Burst photostimulation of axons for 5–10 s elicited robust, minutes-lasting kinase-A activation in individual neurons, indicating that a single burst firing episode of synchronized locus coeruleus neurons has rapid and lasting effects on cortical network. Responses were mediated by β1 adrenoceptors, dampened by co-activation of α2 adrenoceptors, and dramatically increased upon inhibition of noradrenaline reuptake transporter. Dopamine receptors were not involved, showing that kinase-A activation was due to noradrenaline release. Our study shows that noradrenergic transmission can be characterized with high spatiotemporal resolution in brain slices and in vivo using optogenetic tools

Common Origins of Hippocampal Ivy and Nitric Oxide Synthase Expressing Neurogliaform Cells

GABAergic interneurons critically regulate cortical computation through exquisite spatio-temporal control over excitatory networks. Precision of this inhibitory control requires a remarkable diversity within interneuron populations that is largely specified during embryogenesis. Although nNOS+ interneurons constitute the largest hippocampal interneuron cohort their origin and specification remain unknown. Thus, as neurogliaform (NGC) and Ivy cells (IvC) represent the main nNOS+ interneurons we investigated their developmental origins. Although considered distinct interneuron subtypes NGCs and IvCs exhibited similar neurochemical and electrophysiological signatures including NPY expression and late-spiking. Moreover, lineage analyses, including loss-of-function experiments and inducible fate-mapping, indicated that nNOS+ IvCs and NGCs are both derived from medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) progenitors under control of the transcription factor Nkx2-1. Surprisingly, a subset of NGCs lacking nNOS arises from caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) progenitors. Thus, while nNOS+ NGCs and IvCs arise from MGE progenitors, a CGE origin distinguishes a discrete population of nNOS-NGCs

KevoreeJS: Enabling dynamic software reconfigurations in the Browser

International audienceThe architecture of classic productivity software are moving from a traditional desktop-based software to a client server architecture hosted in the Cloud. In this context, web browsers behave as application containers that allow users to access a variety of Cloud-based applications and services, such as IDEs, Word processors, Music Collection Managers, etc. As a result, a significant part of these software run in the browser and accesses remote services. A lesson learned from development framework used in distributed applications is the success of pluggable architecture pattern as a core architecture concept, i.e., a Software Architecture that promotes the use of Pluggable Module to dynamically plug. Following this trend, this paper discusses the main challenges to create a component-based platform supporting the development of dynamically adaptable single web page applications. This paper also presents an approach called KevoreeJS based on models@runtime to control browser as component platform which address some of these challenges. We validate this work by presenting the design of a dashboard for sensor based system and highlighting the capacity of KevoreeJS to dynamically choose the placement of code on the server or client side and how KevoreeJS can be used to dynamically install or remove running components

GluD1, linked to schizophrenia, controls the burst firing of dopamine neurons

Human mutations of the GRID1 gene encoding the orphan delta1 glutamate receptor-channel (GluD1) are associated with schizophrenia but the explicit role of GluD1 in brain circuits is unknown. Based on the known function of its paralog GluD2 in cerebellum, we searched for a role of GluD1 in slow glutamatergic transmission mediated by metabotropic receptor mGlu1 in midbrain dopamine neurons, whose dysfunction is a hallmark of schizophrenia. We found that an mGlu1 agonist elicits a slow depolarizing current in HEK cells co-expressing mGlu1 and GluD1, but not in cells expressing mGlu1 or GluD1 alone. This current is abolished by additional co-expression of a dominant-negative GluD1 dead pore mutant. We then characterized mGlu1-dependent currents in dopamine neurons from midbrain slices. Both the agonist-evoked and the slow postsynaptic currents are abolished by expression of the dominant-negative GluD1 mutant, pointing to the involvement of native GluD1 channels in these currents. Likewise, both mGlu1-dependent currents are suppressed in GRID1 knockout mice, which reportedly display endophenotypes relevant for schizophrenia. It is known that mGlu1 activation triggers the transition from tonic to burst firing of dopamine neurons, which signals salient stimuli and encodes reward prediction. In vivo recordings of dopamine neurons showed that their spontaneous burst firing is abolished in GRID1 knockout mice or upon targeted expression of the dominant-negative GluD1 mutant in wild-type mice. Our results de-orphanize GluD1, unravel its key role in slow glutamatergic transmission and provide insights into how GRID1 gene alterations can lead to dopaminergic dysfunctions in schizophrenia

aequorine bioluminescence response to calcium in vitro and in cerebral cortex

During my PhD, I investigated in vitro the calcium-dependent bioluminescence of thephotoprotein aequorin and then used its bioluminescence to image neuronal activities in theneocortical network. This genetically encoded calcium sensor can be expressed in specific cell types and its bioluminescence is not toxic and exhibit a high signal/noise ratio.I first search for mutations modifying aequorin bioluminescence, using a randommutagenesis and in vitro evolution approach. I isolated mutants showing modified stability,calcium sensitivity and/or luminescence kinetics. The study of these mutants disclosedrelationships between bioluminescence kinetics and calcium sensitivity of aequorin. These results help to understand how calcium binding leads to photon emission by aequorin.Next, I used the bioluminescence of a GFP-aequorin chimera expressed inneocortical slices with the recombinant Sindbis virus to image the activities of neuronalensembles. Using this approach, I studied the cholinergic modulation of neocortical responses to electrical stimulation. I showed that muscarinic agonists increase spatial extent and the duration of neocortical network responses to electrical stimulationsMon travail de doctorat a consisté à étudier in vitro la bioluminescence calciumdépendante de la photoprotéine aequorine puis d'utiliser cette bioluminescence afin deréaliser l'imagerie des activités du réseau néocortical. En effet, cette protéine peut êtreexprimée dans des types cellulaires spécifiques et sa bioluminescence présente un rapportsignal/bruit très élevé et pas de toxicité.Dans un premier temps, j'ai recherché des mutations modifiant les propriétés debioluminescence de l'aequorine par une approche de mutagenèse aléatoire et d'évolution in vitroJ'ai ainsi obtenu des mutants dont la stabilité, la sensibilité calcique et/ou la cinétique debioluminescence étaient modifiées. L'étude de ces mutants a permis de mettre en évidence les relations étroites entre la cinétique d'émission de la bioluminescence et lasensibilité calcique de l'aequorine. Ces travaux ont permis de mieux comprendre comment laliaison du calcium induit l'émission d'un photon par l'aequorine.Dans un second temps, j'ai développé une approche d'imagerie des activitésd'ensembles neuronaux grâce à une chimère GFP-aequorine exprimée en tranches denéocortex à l'aide d'un virus Sindbis recombinant. J'ai utilisé cette approche pour étudier lamodulation cholinergique de l'activité corticale évoquée par stimulation électrique. J'ai pumontrer que les agonistes muscariniques augmentent l'extension spatiale et la durée desréponses du réseau néocortical aux stimulations électriques

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase expressing neurons: a journey from birth to neuronal circuits

International audienceNitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule crucial for many physiological processes such as synaptic plasticity, vasomotricity, and inflammation. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of NO by neurons. In the juvenile and mature hippocampus and neocortex nNOS is primarily expressed by subpopulations of GABAergic interneurons. Over the past two decades, many advances have been achieved in the characterization of neocortical and hippocampal nNOS expressing neurons. In this review, we summarize past and present studies that have characterized the electrophysiological, morphological, molecular, and synaptic properties of these neurons. We also discuss recent studies that have shed light on the developmental origins and specification of GABAergic neurons with specific attention to neocortical and hippocampal nNOS expressing GABAergic neurons. Finally, we summarize the roles of NO and nNOS-expressing inhibitory neurons

La bioluminescence de l'aequorine en réponse au calcium in vitro et dans le cortex cérébral

PARIS-BIUSJ-Thèses (751052125) / SudocPARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF

Neuronal Network Imaging in Acute Slices Using Ca2+ Sensitive Bioluminescent Reporter

International audienceGenetically encoded indicators are valuable tools to study intracellular signaling cascades in real time using fluorescent or bioluminescent imaging techniques. Imaging of Ca2+ indicators is widely used to record transient intracellular Ca2+ increases associated with bioelectrical activity. The natural bioluminescent Ca2+ sensor aequorin has been historically the first Ca2+ indicator used to address biological questions. Aequorin imaging offers several advantages over fluorescent reporters: it is virtually devoid of background signal; it does not require light excitation and interferes little with intracellular processes. Genetically encoded sensors such as aequorin are commonly used in dissociated cultured cells; however it becomes more challenging to express them in differentiated intact specimen such as brain tissue. Here we describe a method to express a GFP-aequorin (GA) fusion protein in pyramidal cells of neocortical acute slices using recombinant Sindbis virus. This technique allows expressing GA in several hundreds of neurons on the same slice and to perform the bioluminescence recording of Ca2+ transients in single neurons or multiple neurons simultaneously