Identification of Quorum Quenching Bacteria and Its Biocontrol Potential Against Soft Rot Disease Bacteria, Dickeya Dadantii

Dickeya dadantii is one of newly found bacteria causing soft rot on orchids in Indonesia. Infected plants showed severe rot rapidly only in few days. An effort to control the bacteria was conducted by utilizing selected quorum quenching (QQ) inducer bacteria which produce AHL-lactonase by aiiA gene. The aims of this research were to screen and identify of quorum quenching bacteria, and also assayed their biocontrol potential ability against D. dadantii in laboratory. The screening of QQ bacteria was achieved using the anti-QS test, anti-microbial activity, and detection of aiiA gene using specific primer. The determination of the ability against D. dadantii was done using the soft rot assay on potato and orchid. Among thirty one bacteria isolates screened, four isolates (in succession namely B37, BT2, GG3, and GG6) were selected to control D. dadantii. All of these bacteria showed QQ ability to suppress the virulence of D. dadantii infection on orchids, significantly. Based on nucleotide sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA, those of bacteria isolates had the highest identity with Brevibacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus ATCC14579, Bacillus cereus ATCC14579 and Bacillus thuringiensis ATCC 10792. Brevibacillus brevis was reported for the first time as QQ bacteria in this study

PERENCANAAN GEOMETRIK, TEBAL PERKERASAN DAN RENCANA ANGGARAN BIAYA ( RUAS JALAN TEGALSARI - KARANGPANDANG ) KOTAMADYA SALATIGA

kose

Keefektifan Perlakuan Fisik dan Minyak Atsiri untuk Mengeliminasi Bakteri Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis pada Benih Tomat

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is the causal agent of bacterial canker disease of tomato. The bacteria is seed borne and may cause yield loss up to 70%. Seed treatment is an alternative method for controlling bacterial canker. The objective of the research was to study the effectiveness of physical and essential oil treatment for elimination of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis from tomato seed. Research was conducted in 4 separate experiments, i.e. (1) screening essential oils to control C. michiganensis subsp. Michiganensis; (2) to determine the treatment window of physical and essential oil treatment; (3) to determine the physical and essential oil treatment on tomato seed infested by C. michiganensis subsp. Michiganensis; and (4) to determine the effectiveness of treatment combination of physical and essential oil. The results showed that betel oil at concentration of 8% had the greatest inhibitory level (approximately 27.33 mm). Hot water treatment (53 °C) for 25 minutes reduced 90.94% of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis population; whereas dry heat treatment (60 °C, 24 hours) and betel oil treatment at 0.25% concentration reduced C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis population (85.13 and 99.82% respectively). The combination of betel oil (0.5%), hot water (55 °C), and dry heat treatments (60 °C) was the most effective control method, because it reduced 99.99% of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis population and maintained the germination level of seed up to 100%.  This combination might be recommended for seed treatment to eliminate C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis

Isolasi, Seleksi, dan Identifikasi Bakteri Endofit sebagai Agens Penginduksi Ketahanan Padi terhadap Hawar Daun Bakteri

Bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is one of the major problems in rice production in Indonesia. One of the control measures for the disease is by the utilization of endophytic bacteria. This study was aimed to determine the ability of endophytic bacteria isolated from the roots, stems and leaves of rice in inducing plant resistance to bacterial leaf blight on rice. Screening of endophytic bacteria showed that 370 isolates have good viability and have different colony morphology. Among them, 7 isolates were able to induce resistance and 1 isolate was able to promote the growth of rice in the nursery. However, only 8 isolates did not cause  hypersensitive reaction on tobacco plants. The selected isolates of endophytic bacteria were further examined for their ability to induce resistance of rice in greenhouse experiments.  Observation involved several variables, i.e. PR1 and PBZ1 gene expression, peroxidase enzyme activity, incubation period, and disease progression. Seven isolates of endophytic bacteria were able to induce PR1 and PBZ1 gene expression, 4 isolates were able to increase peroxide enzyme activity, 4 isolates could prolong the incubation period, and 2 isolates can inhibit the development of disease. However, only EB4 451 isolate was consistently able to induce PR1 and PBZ1 gene expression, increased peroxide enzyme activity, prolonged incubation period, and suppressed the progression of the disease. The EB4 451 isolate was identified based on nucleotide sequence as Bacillus subtilis

Potensi Bakteri Agens Hayati untuk Menekan Infeksi Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) pada Melon (Cucumis melo L.)

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) merupakan patogen penting pada Cucurbitaceae, diantaranya melon. Pengelolaan virus di lapangan cukup sulit dilakukan. Salah satu upaya untuk menekan infeksi virus yaitu melalui penyehatan tanaman menggunakan bakteri agens hayati. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji potensi isolat bakteri Bacillus cereus (BC), Chromobacterium haemolyticum (CH), Ralstonia pickettii (RP), dan Pseudomonas flourescens (PF) dalam menekan infeksi CMV pada tanaman melon. Pengujian pengaruh bakteri terhadap performa kecambah dilakukan melalui perlakuan perendaman benih dalam suspense bakteri di laboratorium.  Efikasi bakteri dalam menekan infeksi CMV dilakukan dengan cara perendaman benih dan penyemprotan tanaman dengan suspense bakteri dalam percobaan di rumah kaca. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap peubah penyakit dan agronomi, dan aktivitas enzim peroksidase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan bakteri BC menunjukkan performa kecambah terbaik di antara perlakuan bakteri lainnya. Perlakuan bakteri tidak berpengaruh terhadap masa inkubasi dan insidensi penyakit, namun secara nyata menurunkan keparahan penyakit dan akumulasi virus dibandingkan kontrol. Aktivitas enzim peroksidase lebih tinggi setelah perlakuan bakteri dan inokulasi CMV dibandingkan perlakuan sebelum inokulasi. Bakteri RP merupakan bakteri terbaik dalam menekan infeksi CMV melalui aktivitas antivirus dan induksi ketahanan dengan peningkatan aktivitas peroksidase

Asap Cair untuk Pengendalian Bulkholderia glumae dan Pemacu Pertumbuhan Benih Padi

Penyakit busuk bulir padi yang disebabkan oleh Bulkholderia glumae merupakan penyakit penting yang dapat ditularkan melalui benih padi. Berbagai teknik pengendalian penyakit busuk bulir padi telah dikembangkan untuk mencegah kehilangan hasil panen, salah satunya menggunakan asap cair. Asap cair banyak dikaji sebagai agens pengendalian berbagai penyakit tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan potensi asap cair untuk pengendalian penyakit busuk bulir padi yang disebabkan oleh B. glumae dan sebagai pemacu pertumbuhan bibit padi. Tahapan penelitian terdiri atas: uji potensi asap cair terhadap B. glumae, uji fitotoksisitas asap cair dan pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan benih padi, serta uji keefektifan asap cair dalam menekan B. glumae pada benih terinfeksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa asap cair dengan konsentrasi 2% dapat menekan perkembangan B. glumae secara in-vitro dan tidak menyebabkan fitotoksisitas pada benih padi dengan indeks vigor 90% dan daya berkecambah 90% dibandingkan dengan kontrol dengan nilai indeks vigor dan daya berkecambah sebesar 76% dan 83%. Asap cair dengan konsentrasi 2% juga dapat menekan keparahan penyakit pada fase pembibitan dengan tingkat hambatan relatif 43.8%. Adapun nilai panjang plumula bibit padi pada perlakuan asap cair 2% ialah sebesar 5.87 cm. Nilai plumula tersebut lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kontrol yang hanya sebesar 5.22 cm. Berbeda dengan plumula, nilai panjang radikula tidak mengalami peningkatan signifikan dibandingkan dengan kontrol.Liquid smoke to Control Bulkholderia glumae and Growth Promoter of Rice Seeds Bacterial grain rot disease caused by Bulkholderia glumae is an important disease that can be transmitted through rice seeds. Various bacterial grain rot disease control techniques have been developed to prevent crop loss, one of which is liquid smoke. Liquid smoke has been widely studied as an agent for controlling various plant diseases. The aim of the study was to determine the potential of liquid smoke to control bacterial grain rot disease caused by B. glumae and to promote the growth of rice seedlings. Research was conducted in some stages, included: potential test of liquid smoke against B. glumae, phytotoxicity test of liquid smoke and its effect on rice seed growth; and test the effectiveness of liquid smoke in suppressing B. glumae on infected seeds. The results showed that liquid smoke with a concentration of 2% could suppress the development of B. glumae in vitro and did not cause phytotoxicity in rice seeds with a vigor index of 90% and germination of 90% compared to controls with a vigor index value and germination value of 76% and 83%. Liquid smoke with a concentration of 2% can also reduce the severity of disease in the nursery phase with a relative inhibition level of 43.8%. The value of the length of the plumule of rice seedlings in the 2% liquid smoke treatment was 5.87 cm. The plumule value was greater than the control which was only 5.22 cm. In contrast to the plumula, the value of radicular length did not increase significantly compared to the control

Characterization of acyl-homoserine lactonase gene from Brevibacillus brevis strain B37

17-25Acyl-homoserine lactonase (EC 3.1.1.25) is a metallo-betalactamase, specifically hydrolyzed N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL) secreted by Gram-negative bacteria. AHL lactonase has been reported as a potential substitute for synthetic anti-bacterial, such as reduce the severity of plant diseases caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, and Pectobacterium catrotovorum. The exploration of lactonase producing organisms has been widely reported. AHL-lactonase is produced by Bacillaceae bacteria such as Bacillus thuringiensis, B. cereus, and B. antrachis. AHL-lactonase produced by Bacillaceae bacteria was translated from aiiA gene. In our previous study, aiiA novel gene was detected in Brevibacillus brevis B37 but has not been characterized. This study aimed to clone aiiA gene isolated from B.brevis B37 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a pair of degenerated primers, to reveal homology comparison withothers aiiA genes and amino acids, to express aiiA gene in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and also to assay quorum quencherability. The aiiA gene was successfully isolated with 753 bp and 250 amino acids. The aiiA gene and the AiiA protein fromB.brevis B37 had high similarity with aiiA and AiiA from B. thuringiensis group. The deduced amino acid sequencecontained conserved sequence region 103SHLHFDH109 and 166TPGHTPGH173 as characteristic of the metallo betalactamasefamily. Additionally, the aiiAB37 gene was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and the expressed AiiA protein could attenuate the expression of violacein produce by Chromobacterium violaceum and decrease the expression of soft rot symptom caused by Dickeya dadantii

PELATIHAN PEREGANGAN STATIS LEBIH MENINGKATKAN KELENTUKAN DARI PADA PELATIHAN PEREGANGAN DINAMIS PADA SMA NEGERI KUPANG TIMUR

Human exercise aims to improve physical fitness. Physical fitness need to be trained and maintained by training the physical condition of the human element. One element is the physical condition of flexibility. Several factors affect the body's flexibility is muscle, tendon, ligament, and joint structure type, age, sex, body temperature and muscle temperature, body weight and height and genetics. Flexibility can be enhanced by using one of four methods namely method of dynamic stretching, static, passive and Neuromuccular Proprioceptive Facilitation (PNF). This study aims to determine the increase in torso flexibility using dynamic stretching and static stretching methods. The study design was a pretest - posttest control group design to high school students in Kupang district. Large sample of 28 people divided into 2 batches each group totaled 14 people. Each group was asked to perform stretching exercises the same type by using two different methods namely dynamic and static stretching methods. The results were tested by the Normality Test Shapiro Wilk Test showed that the value of p&gt; 0.05 so that the two groups are stretching normal distribution. Homogeneity test with Test of homogeneity of variance showed that the value of p&gt; 0.05, then Ho is accepted. So both the stretching group had the same variant or homogeneous. Increased flexibility test with Paired Sample T Test showed that the value of P &lt;0,05. Means the average of the data flexibility after training in both groups significantly different or significantly. T-indpendent test showed p values??&gt; 0.05, whereas after pepelatihan has a p-value &lt;0.05. This shows the average increase flexibility before and after treatment in both groups was significantly different. The conclusion of this study that further enhance the training of static stretching on torso flexibility of dynamic stretching training in high school student Kupang. It is recommended to increase the flexibility of the coaches, PE teachers and sportsmen using static stretching exercises, or by combining both the stretch.</p

The reef health index for coral reefs management in Indonesia

The Indonesian coral reef faced significant challenges due to the lack of precise instruments for assessing the health status of corals, which is crucial for ensuring their long-term viability. The reef health index was established by utilizing extensive monitoring data from Indonesia, incorporating metrics such as live coral cover, resilience level, and biomass of the focal reef fish species. In the year 2021, a comprehensive collection of coral reef data was conducted at 22 distinct places within the waters of Indonesia. It is anticipated that the reef health index data will assist stakeholders in effectively and sustainably managing coral reefs. The findings indicate that the reef health index in Indonesia exhibits a range of values from 2 to 7, with 7 being the highest attainable score. Since observations began in 2014, the Indonesian reef health index has maintained a stable value of 5. The available evidence suggests that there is an ongoing occurrence of coral reef degradation in Indonesian waters, as seen by the diminished biomass of the targeted reef fish species. Nevertheless, the potential for recovery of damaged coral reefs exists if the forces that initiate the damage can be mitigated or eradicated