Native Plants to Arid Areas: A Genetic Reservoir for Drought-Tolerant Crops

Droughts are common in arid areas. These cause important losses in crop production, while the increasing population demands more food and goods. Cultivars able to produce under drought conditions are required to avoid or reduce production losses. Plants have evolved different mechanisms to face drought, and many genes have been already discovered in model and cultivated plants that are involved in this trait. Some of these genes have been successfully transformed into cultivated plants for drought tolerance. Plants native to arid lands may possess variants of drought tolerance mechanisms as compared to mesophytic or model plants. Also, different drought-related genes can be revealed. Studies using high-throughput and bioinformatic tools may allow to discover new genes and give new insights on the mechanisms involved in drought tolerance. However, still scarce studies in plants native to arid lands show that there are many drought-related genes that have not been already characterized and potentially they may be novel genes. These novel genes may be used to improve crops for drought tolerance. Therefore, more physiological, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies are needed on plants native to the deserts

Management Practices and Bioproductivity in Grassland of Dry Areas

In Mexico, the grassland represents 40.1% of the total area of the country and it is a source of feed for livestock, although suffers different degrees of degradation due to lack of management and adverse climatic conditions. The problem of the grasslands is complex since it involves diverse type’s soils, presence of invasive plants, low success in the establishment of grasses or replanting, high fluctuation in the rainfall distribution, as well as the low capacity of the soil to retain moisture. Among these constraints, the limited availability of soil moisture in arid conditions, makes these areas more fragile to the degradation of the environment which results in low productivity of the grassland. In this chapter, major ecological limitations of the grassland and techniques which improve the soils moisture retention capacity of the grassland especially in moisture deficit areas will be discussed

Feasibility of the Production of Argemone pleiacantha Ultrasound-Assisted Biodiesel for Temperate and Tropical Marginal Areas

The present work studies biofuel production using an American native species that belongs to the Argemone genus. It is considered a weed, and its presence extends from the southern United States to some areas of South America; the species Argemone pleiacantha, together with other species of the same genus, is known as “chicalote”. Oil physical and chemical properties confirm that chicalote oil is an effective raw material for biofuel production, presenting a fatty acid composition similar to that of soybean oil. A biodiesel production study was carried out using two methods of synthesis, conventional and ultrasound-assisted transesterification, employing the same molar ratio and amount of catalyst in both cases. Reaction time and supplied energy during synthesis were compared in batch mode. The results revealed that ultrasound-assisted transesterification has significant advantages over the conventional one in terms of reaction time and energy savings during chicalote oil synthesis to produce fatty acid methyl esters

Water Harvesting and Soil Water Retention Practices for Forage Production in Degraded Areas in Arid Lands of Mexico

The area under arid conditions in Mexico is greater than 50%. This area faces a high risk due to environmental effects. The soil degradation in arid, semi‐arid, and dry sub‐humid areas is of multi‐causal nature, among which climatic and anthropogenic factors stand out. At least, three distinct elements with different effects may be considered: recurrent droughts in short periods, long‐term climate fluctuations, and degradation of soils by human activities. These threaten the productivity and sustainability of ecosystems and agro‐ecosystems. Thus, it is needed to maintain a constant exploration of new and more appropriate technologies that promote the efficient use of natural resources, in a framework of greater sustainability. Many of these technologies are focused toward better management of water and soil resources in production systems. Water management is oriented with rainwater harvesting, efficient irrigation systems, as well as soil moisture retention techniques, and the use of plant species tolerant to water stress. Planting of native species and using soil improvers of edaphic moisture retention can enhance reclamation (recovery) of degraded soils. The aim of this chapter is to show and discuss some experimental results using the above technologies applied to rangelands with degraded soils in dry lands

Efecto de la cobertura del suelo sobre el crecimiento y productividad del zacate buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) en suelos degradados de zonas áridas

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of corn crop residues as mulch and its impact on soil moisture content and the establishment, development and productivity of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L). A randomized block design with three replications was used. The treatments were: sowing of 10 kg ha-1 of buffel grass seed (Bs); vegetation cover on soil with 10 t ha-1 of corn crop residues (Vc); Bs + Vc combination; and control (no grass sowing and no vegetation cover). The Bs + Vc treatment maintained a higher soil moisture content (P≤0.05), with 13.8 % vs 10.6 % of the control. Consequently, the number of grass plants m-2, buffel grass cover, plant height, chlorophyll index and dry biomass production had a tendency to respond better, with values of 518.5 plants m-2, 51.23 %, 31.8 cm, 162 and 167.8 g m-2, respectively, and they exhibited a tendency toward a statistically similar response as to this treatment when  applied  separately (Vc and Bs).  Photosynthesis (µmol s-2s-1), stomatal conductance, transpiration (mmol H2O m-2 s-1), and water use efficiency were not affected by any of the treatments in this study, their response being equivalent to that of the control.El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el uso de residuos de cosecha de maíz como cobertura vegetal y su impacto en el contenido de humedad del suelo y el establecimiento, desarrollo y productividad del pasto buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris L). Se usó un diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron: siembra de 10 kg ha-1 de semilla de pasto buffel (Sp); cobertura vegetal en suelo con 10 t ha-1 de residuos de cosecha de maíz (Cv); combinación Sp + Cv; y testigo (sin siembra de pasto y sin cobertura vegetal). El tratamiento Sp + Cv mantuvo un mayor contenido de humedad en el suelo (P≤0.05), con 13.8 % contra 10.6 % del testigo. En consecuencia, el número de plantas de pasto m-2, cobertura de pasto buffel, altura de la planta, índice de clorofila y producción de biomasa seca, tuvieron una tendencia de mejor respuesta, con valores de 518.5 plantas m-2, 51.23 %, 31.8 cm, 162 y 167.8 g m-2, respectivamente, con una tendencia de respuesta estadísticamente similar este tratamiento al aplicarse de manera separada (Cv y Sp). La fotosíntesis (µmol s-2s-1), conductancia estomática, transpiración (mmol H2O m-2 s-1) y uso eficiente del agua, no fueron afectadas por ninguno de los tratamientos de este estudio, con respuesta equivalente a la del testigo

Effect of organic and conventional systems used to grow pecan trees on diversity of soil microbiota

Agronomic management modifies the soil bacterial communities and may alter the carbon fractions. Here, we identify differences in several chemical and biological soil variables, as well as bacterial composition between organic (Org) and conventional (Conv) agronomic management in pecan (Carya illinoinensis) orchards located in Coahuila, Mexico. The analyzed variables were pH, N, P, K, soil organic matter, organic matter quality, soil organic carbon, C/N ratio, carbon fractions, microbial biomass carbon, easily extractable Glomalin, colony-forming units, CO2 emissions, and the enzyme activity. The DNA of soil bacteria was extracted, amplified (V3-V4 16S rRNA), and sequenced using Illumina. To compare variables between agronomic managements, t tests were used. Sequences were analyzed in QIIME (Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology). A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to observe associations between the ten most abundant phyla and soil variables in both types of agronomic managements. In Org management, variables related to the capture of recalcitrant carbon compounds were significant, and there was a greater diversity of bacterial communities capable of promoting organic carbon sequestration. In Conv management, variables related to the increase in carbon mineralization, as well as the enzymatic activity related to the metabolism of labile compounds, were significant. The CCA suggested a separation between phyla associated with some variables. Agronomic management impacted soil chemical and biological parameters related to carbon dynamics, including bacterial communities associated with carbon sequestration. Further research is still necessary to understand the plasticity of some bacterial communities, as well as the soil–plant dynamics.Fil: Cabrera Rodríguez, Alejandra. Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo; MéxicoFil: Nava Reyna, Erika. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias; MéxicoFil: Trejo Calzada, Ricardo. Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo; MéxicoFil: García de la Peña, Cristina. Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango; MéxicoFil: Arreola Avila, Jesús G.. Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo; MéxicoFil: Collavino, Mónica Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Vaca Paniagua, Felipe. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Díaz Velásquez, Clara. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Constante García, Vicenta. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias; Méxic

Características morfométricas y calidad de gel en sábila ("Aloe barbadensis" M.) aplicando algaenzimas y composta

The study was conducted in 2011-2012 and aimed to evaluate the effect of different sources and doses of fertilizers on leaf growth and quality on aloe vera gel, the latter as a product of high demand in the market. A random split plot block design with three replications was used. The main plots were algae extract (algaenzims) doses (0, 7 and 14 L ha-1) and subplots compost doses (0.5 and 10 t ha-1). The measured variables were: plant height, width, length and thickness of leaf; while in juice and gel, pH, °Brix, total solids, settleable solids in methanol, proteins, carbohydrates, gel content and macro (P, K, Ca, Mg and Na) were measured. Plant height and leaf length were significantly higher (p= 0.05) by applying 14 L ha-1 of algaenzims. Gel content, sugar and settleable solids in methanol were significantly higher, 273 days after the first application of the biofertilizer (DDPAB) (December), 273-393 DDPAB (December-April) and 273 DDPAB (December), respectively. The content of P and Mg were significantly reduced, 273 DDPAB (December) by applying 10 t ha-1 of compost, then the content of these elements is recovered. The carbohydrate and protein content increased significantly at 273 DDPAB (December), which is critical to identify the cutoff date of aloe leaf.El estudio se llevó a cabo en 2011 y 2012 y tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de diferentes fuentes y dosis de fertilizantes en el crecimiento de la hoja de sábila y la calidad del gel, este último como el producto de mayor demanda en el mercado. Se usó un diseño de bloques al azar en parcelas divididas con tres repeticiones. Las parcelas grandes fueron las dosis de algaenzimas (0, 7 y 14 L ha-1) y las parcelas chicas las dosis de composta (0.5 y 10 t ha-1). Las variables que se midieron fueron: la altura de planta, ancho, largo y grosor de hoja; en tanto que en el jugo y gel, se midió el pH, °Brix, sólidos totales, sólidos precipitables en metanol, proteínas, carbohidratos, contenido de gel y macroelementos (P, K, Ca, Mg y Na). La altura de planta y largo de la hoja, fueron significativamente mayores (p= 0.05) al aplicar 14 L ha-1 de algaenzimas. Los contenidos de gel, azúcares y sólidos precipitables en metanol, fueron significativamente mayores, 273 días después de la primera aplicación de los biofertilizantes (DDPAB) (diciembre), 273-393 DDPAB (diciembre-abril) y 273 DDPAB (diciembre), respectivamente. El contenido de P y Mg se redujeron significativamente, 273 DDPAB (diciembre) al aplicar 10 t ha-1 de composta, después se recupera el contenido de estos elementos. El contenido de carbohidratos y proteínas se incrementaron significativamente a los 273 DDPAB (diciembre), lo cual es determinante para identificar la fecha de corte de hoja de sábila

CARACTERIZACIÓN ISOENZIMÁTICA DE CULTIVARES DE NOPAL (Opuntia spp.)/Isoenzyme characterization of nopal cultivars (Opuntia spp.)

En nopal (Opuntia spp.) como en muchos géneros, los problemas de clasicación taxonómica son frecuentes, esto complica la identicación correcta de cultivares. Este estudio se realizó con la nalidad de detectar polimorsmo en nueve cultivares de nopal de las especies O. amyclaea Ten. (O. albicarpa), O. megacantha, O. crassa y O. cus-indica (L.) Mill., ubicados en la reserva de germoplasma de la Unidad Regional Universitaria de Zonas Áridas de la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. La proteína soluble de las raíces se separó por electroforesis para evaluar la presencia de nueve sistemas enzimáticos. De estos, fosfoglucomutasa (PGM), 6-fosfogluconato deshidrogenasa (6- PGD), glutamato oxaloacetato transaminasa (GOT) y malato deshidrogenasa (MDH) expresaron reacción suciente para una identicación de bandas de actividad enzimática. Las enzimas málicas (ME) y aconitasa (ACO) no presentaron polimorsmo, por tanto no se recomiendan para la clasicación de cultivares de nopal. En contraste, PGM, 6-PGD, GOT y MDH presentaron diferencias o polimorsmo indeterminado en su patrón de bandeo, por lo que se consideran relevantes para la identicación taxonómica y evaluación de la variabilidad genética de nopal

ANALISIS ECONOMICO, ECOLOGICO Y CULTURAL DE BAÑOS SECOS EN LA COMARCA LAGUNERA, MÉXICO

In 2013, in the Comarca Lagunera, Mexico (25°29’18.29’’N y 103°37’17.66’’ E) an economic, environmental and cultural analysis of a dry bath (ecological or compos) was conducted, due to the fact of a serious problem with the water for human consumption. At global and local levels “one out of six people in the world does not have access to drinking water” (UN, 2008). This situation is more severe in the Comarca Lagunera because its annual average precipitation is 252.5, while the annual evaporation is 1,757 mm, and subsoil water extraction is4, 400 mm. Moreover, in urban areas a family with five members using traditional bath needs around 20,000 liters of water, which is contaminated, causing diseases and expenses. In the region, saving water may be improved by: i. Capturing, storing and treating rainwater, ii. Recycling gray and black water, iii. Using ecological bathrooms, iv. Other. Here, we show the results of using ecological bathrooms. The current cost benefits showed RB/C=0.783 and NPV=$2,729.79, making it unviable economically, 2. Culturally, they are unviable because these factors are a strong obstacle in their use and even more important than economic and ecological factors. 3. Ecologically, the impact is attractive because it saves approximately 22, 000 liters of water per year. Moreover, they generate around 500 kg of manure and almost 500 liters of liquid fertilizer. The most important aspect is that level of contamination is zero. The dry bathrooms are ecologically viable and it is highly recommended to promote them even though they are not economically viable

Calibración de la humedad volumétrica del suelo utilizando imágenes Landsat-8 y Sentinel-2 mediante Google Earth Engine

[EN] Water scarcity for agriculture is increasingly evident due to climatic alterations and inadequate management of this resource. Therefore, developing digital models that help improve water resource management to provide solutions to agronomic problems in northern Mexico is necessary. In this context, the objective of the present research is to calibrate the Optical Trapezoid (OPTRAM) and Thermal-Optical Trapezoid (TOTRAM) models to estimate the volumetric soil moisture at different depths through vegetation indices derived from Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 satellite images using Google Earth Engine (GEE). Agricultural areas under gravity irrigation and rainfed runoff in the Comarca Lagunera, the lower part of the Hydrological Region No. 36 of the Nazas and Aguanaval rivers were selected for in-situ measurements. The OPTRAM and TOTRAM normalized moisture content (W) estimates were compared with in-situ volumetric soil moisture (θ) data. Results indicate that the predictions of OPTRAM errors using Sentinel-2 images showed RMSE between 0.033 to 0.043 cm3 cm-3 and R2 between 0.66 to 0.75, whereas Landsat-8 errors showed RSME from 0.036 to from 0.036 to 0.057 cm3 cm-3 and R2 between 0.70 to 0.81. On the other hand, TOTRAM errors showed RMSE between 0.045 to 0.053 cm3 cm-3 and R2 between 0.62 to 0.85 through calibrations. This study made it possible to evaluate the most accurate combinations of the pixel distributions of each model and vegetation indices for the estimation of volumetric soil moisture within the different phenological stages of the crops.[ES] La escasez de agua para la agricultura es cada vez más evidente producto de las alteraciones climáticas y el inadecuado manejo de este recurso. Por ende, el desarrollo de modelos digitales que ayuden a la mejora del manejo de los recursos hídricos para proporcionar soluciones a los problemas agronómicos al norte de México es necesario. En este contexto, el objetivo de la presente investigación es calibrar los modelos Óptico Trapezoidal (OPTRAM) y Térmico-Óptico Trapezoidal (TOTRAM) para estimar la humedad volumétrica del suelo a diferentes profundidades a través de índices de vegetación derivado de imágenes de satelitales Landsat-8 y Sentinel-2 utilizando Google Earth Engine (GEE). Áreas agrícolas seleccionadas bajo riego por gravedad y temporal por escorrentías en la Comarca Lagunera, parte baja de la Región Hidrológica No. 36 de los ríos Nazas y Aguanaval fueron seleccionadas para mediciones in-situ. Las estimaciones del contenido normalizado de humedad (W) de OPTRAM y TOTRAM fueron comparados con datos de humedad volumétrica del suelo (θ) in-situ. Los resultados indican que las predicciones de los errores de OPTRAM utilizando imágenes Sentinel-2 mostraron RMSE entre 0.033 a 0.043 cm3 cm-3 y R2 entre 0.66 a 0.75. Mientras, los errores de Landsat-8 mostraron RSME de 0.036 a 0.057 cm3 cm-3 y R2 entre 0.70 a 0.81. Por otra parte, los errores de TOTRAM mostraron RMSE entre 0.045 a 0.053 cm3 cm-3 y R2 entre 0.62 a 0.85 a través de las calibraciones. Este estudio permitió evaluar, las combinaciones más precisas de las distribuciones de los píxeles de cada modelo e índice de vegetación para la estimación de humedad volumétrica del suelo dentro de las distintas etapas fenológicas de los cultivos.This research was supported by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, and INIFAP-CENID RASPA Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Relación Agua-Suelo-Planta-Atmósfera.Quintana-Molina, JR.; Sánchez-Cohen, I.; Jiménez-Jiménez, SI.; Marcial-Pablo, MDJ.; Trejo-Calzada, R.; Quintana-Molina, E. (2023). Calibration of volumetric soil moisture using Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery by Google Earth Engine. Revista de Teledetección. (62):21-38. https://doi.org/10.4995/raet.2023.19368213862Ambrosone, M., Matese, A., Di Gennaro, S. 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