ILLNESS IN PATIENTS FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO DENTAL AEROSOLS *

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65789/1/j.1752-7325.1972.tb03939.x.pd

Charakter - Lernen - Unterricht. Über Arbeitstugenden und Exzellenz als Ziele eines adaptiven Unterrichts

Erfolgreiches Lernen und Schulerfolg hängen nicht allein vom Erwerb akademischer Fähigkeiten ab. Ebenso relevant sind nonkognitive Faktoren, wie z. B. Selbstbilder, Selbstkontrolle, Lern- und Arbeitshaltungen. Solche Eigenschaften fehlen oftmals Kindern mit Lernproblemen, nicht zuletzt auch denen, die unter schwierigen sozialen Lebensverhältnissen aufwachsen. Diesen Kindern hilft es, wenn sie in ihrer Persönlichkeit gestärkt werden und auf eigene personale Ressourcen zurückgreifen können. In dem Beitrag soll ein Forschungsüberblick zu ausgewählten nonkognitiven Faktoren des Lernens gegeben werden und vor diesem Hintergrund didaktische und methodische Folgerungen für einen adaptiven Unterricht aufgezeigt werden

Is gut microbiota a relevant and competitive dietary target for cardio-metabolic health? Proceedings of an expert workshop

Background: The gut microbiota is a putative target for dietary interventions for cardio-metabolic health (CMH), including prevention of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. This has generated considerable interest, but the actual feasibility for diet or specific foods to induce measurable, sustained and meaningful benefits for CMH risk by this route remains uncertain. Scope and approach: This report summarises an expert workshop assessing the gut microbiota as a relevant, feasible and competitive target for CMH benefits by dietary interventions. It summarises the expert presentations and overall view of participants on the current status and outlook, considering also implications for the food industry. Key findings and conclusions: Changing the gut microbiota by diet is possible, but an assessment of the impact on CMH risk is still needed, including clarifying advantages above other known dietary routes. The individual gut microbiota composition may in part determine the impact of diet and its effects on health. Therefore, future developments may identify individuals at risk and thus possible modification of the microbiota to achieve benefits in susceptible (sub) populations depending on their initial microbiota composition. Prebiotics currently appear to be the most promising ingredients; however, required doses may be relatively high and the actual role of gut microbiota needs further assessment. Overall, causal evidence linking gut microbiota interventions with CMH benefits are developing in preclinical models but are still lacking in humans. A significant research effort is needed and ongoing to determine whether potential effects can be reliably substantiated

Phylogenomics reveals accelerated late Cretaceous diversification of bee flies (Diptera: Bombyliidae)

Bombyliidae is a very species-rich and widespread family of parasitoid flies with more than 250 genera classified into 17 extant subfamilies. However, little is known about their evolutionary history or how their present-day diversity was shaped. Transcriptomes of 15 species and anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE) sequence captures of 86 species, representing 94 bee fly species and 14 subfamilies, were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of Bombyliidae. We integrated data from transcriptomes across each of the main lineages in our AHE tree to build a data set with more genes (550 loci versus 216 loci) and higher support levels. Our overall results show strong congruence with the current classification of the family, with 11 out of 14 included subfamilies recovered as monophyletic. Heterotropinae and Mythicomyiinae are successive sister groups to the remainder of the family. We examined the evolution of key morphological characters through our phylogenetic hypotheses and show that neither the "sand chamber subfamilies" nor the "Tomophthalmae" are monophyletic in our phylogenomic analyses. Based on our results, we reinstate two tribes at the subfamily level (Phthiriinae stat. rev. and Ecliminae stat. rev.) and we include the genus Sericosoma Macquart (previously incertae sedis) in the subfamily Oniromyiinae, bringing the total number of bee fly subfamilies to 19. Our dating analyses indicate a Jurassic origin of the family (165-194 Ma), with the sand chamber evolving early in bee fly evolution, in the late Jurassic or mid-Cretaceous (100-165 Ma). We hypothesize that the angiosperm radiation and the hothouse climate established during the late Cretaceous accelerated the diversification of bee flies, by providing an expanded range of resources for the parasitoid larvae and nectarivorous adults.This research was supported by the Schlinger TrustEndowment to the ANIC. Thanks to James Lumbers(Canberra), Chris Cohen (Greenville), Ben Parslow(Adelaide), David Ferguson (Canberra), Ding Yang(Beijing), Tingting Zhang (Taian) and Gang Yao (Jin-hua) for collecting specimens. Thanks to Brian Cassel(Raleigh) for his help in the molecular lab. Thanks toJuanita Rodriguez (Canberra) for her help with theLTT plot and BAMM analyses. Thanks to OndrejHlinka for his help with the CSIRO supercomputer,and Bui Quang Minh for his help with IQ-TREE.Thanks to Rudolf Meier (Singapore), Torsten Dikow(Washington D.C.), Andrew Young (Guelph) andanother anonymous reviewer for providing importantsuggestions to improve the paper. Lambkin thanksQueensland Museum for supporting her systematicstudies. Thanks also to Conselho Nacional de Desen-volvimento Cient ıfico e Tecnol ogico (CNPq) for thegrant to Carlos Lamas (Proc. No. 302751/2019-0).A.G.E was supported by the National Research Foun-dation, South Africa (NRF:FBIP grant #110440

Data from: Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life

Flies are one of four superradiations of insects (along with beetles, wasps, and moths) that account for the majority of animal life on Earth. Diptera includes species known for their ubiquity (Musca domestica house fly), their role as pests (Anopheles gambiae malaria mosquito), and their value as model organisms across the biological sciences (Drosophila melanogaster). A resolved phylogeny for flies provides a framework for genomic, developmental, and evolutionary studies by facilitating comparisons across model organisms, yet recent research has suggested that fly relationships have been obscured by multiple episodes of rapid diversification. We provide a phylogenomic estimate of fly relationships based on molecules and morphology from 149 of 157 families, including 30 kb from 14 nuclear loci and complete mitochondrial genomes combined with 371 morphological characters. Multiple analyses show support for traditional groups (Brachycera, Cyclorrhapha, and Schizophora) and corroborate contentious findings, such as the anomalous Deuterophlebiidae as the sister group to all remaining Diptera. Our findings reveal that the closest relatives of the Drosophilidae are highly modified parasites (including the wingless Braulidae) of bees and other insects. Furthermore, we use micro-RNAs to resolve a node with implications for the evolution of embryonic development in Diptera. We demonstrate that flies experienced three episodes of rapid radiation—lower Diptera (220 Ma), lower Brachycera (180 Ma), and Schizophora (65 Ma)—and a number of life history transitions to hematophagy, phytophagy, and parasitism in the history of fly evolution over 260 million y

TPI_noIntrons_alnFLYTREE

Alignment of dipteran TPI gene sequences from the FLYTREE project in fasta format

Coronal Heating as Determined by the Solar Flare Frequency Distribution Obtained by Aggregating Case Studies

Flare frequency distributions represent a key approach to addressing one of the largest problems in solar and stellar physics: determining the mechanism that counter-intuitively heats coronae to temperatures that are orders of magnitude hotter than the corresponding photospheres. It is widely accepted that the magnetic field is responsible for the heating, but there are two competing mechanisms that could explain it: nanoflares or Alfv\'en waves. To date, neither can be directly observed. Nanoflares are, by definition, extremely small, but their aggregate energy release could represent a substantial heating mechanism, presuming they are sufficiently abundant. One way to test this presumption is via the flare frequency distribution, which describes how often flares of various energies occur. If the slope of the power law fitting the flare frequency distribution is above a critical threshold, $\alpha=2$ as established in prior literature, then there should be a sufficient abundance of nanoflares to explain coronal heating. We performed $>$600 case studies of solar flares, made possible by an unprecedented number of data analysts via three semesters of an undergraduate physics laboratory course. This allowed us to include two crucial, but nontrivial, analysis methods: pre-flare baseline subtraction and computation of the flare energy, which requires determining flare start and stop times. We aggregated the results of these analyses into a statistical study to determine that $\alpha = 1.63 \pm 0.03$. This is below the critical threshold, suggesting that Alfv\'en waves are an important driver of coronal heating.Comment: 1,002 authors, 14 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, published by The Astrophysical Journal on 2023-05-09, volume 948, page 7