Sneaking in the Back Door? Social Closure and Private Bills for Entry into Ontario Professions, 1868–1914

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Ontario legislature received many petitions from individuals who could not meet the requirements for entry to practice established by professional bodies. Petitioners sought legislation that would waive certain requirements and grant them the right to practise regardless. These private bills for entry into Ontario professions might have provided a recourse for members of groups excluded by professional leaders — especially women, men and women of racial and ethnic minorities, the working class, and the lesser educated. An examination of the experiences and backgrounds of petitioners indicates, however, that, while the Ontario legislature eased the ability of the disadvantaged to enter professions in some particular cases, it generally facilitated the entrance of men similar in background to those whom professional bodies sought to recruit.À la fin du XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle, la législature ontarienne a reçu de nombreuses pétitions d’individus incapables de répondre aux critères d’entrée dans la profession fixés par les ordres professionnels. Les requérants cherchaient à faire adopter des lois qui les dispenseraient de certaines exigences et leur accorderaient quand même le droit d’exercer. Ces projets de loi privés pour l’entrée dans les professions en Ontario auraient pu offrir un recours aux membres des groupes exclus par les leaders professionnels, surtout les femmes, les hommes et les femmes de minorités raciales et ethniques, la classe ouvrière et les moins instruits. On constate en examinant l’expérience et les antécédents des requérants que la législature ontarienne a facilité l’admission des personnes défavorisées à la profession dans certains cas particuliers, mais qu’elle privilégiait généralement l’entrée d’hommes aux antécédents proches de ceux que cherchaient à recruter les ordres professionnels

The Rise and Fall of Osteopathic Medicine in Ontario, 1900-1930s

In the early twentieth century, a number of alternative health practices grew in popularity. The most popular of them all, especially in Ontario, was osteopathy. In the 1910s and 1920s a dynamic osteopathy profession emerged in Canada and made significant strides towards achieving professional status. In the end, professional leaders were unsuccessful, and osteopathic medicine faded into obscurity. A look at the emergence and decline of an osteopathic profession in Ontario not only sheds light on a little-studied chapter in medical history in Canada, but also enhances our understanding of professional development more broadly. Au début du XXe siècle, un certain nombre de médecines douces gagnèrent en popularité. La plus populaire d'entre toutes, surtout en Ontario, fut l'ostéopathie. Durant les années 1910 et 1920, une profession dynamique de l'ostéopathie fit son apparition au Canada, s'approchant à grands pas d'un statut professionnel. Malheureusement, les leaders de la profession échouèrent et la médecine sombra lentement dans l'obscurité. Le présent article s'intéresse à l'émergence et au déclin de la profession d'ostéopathe en Ontario, soutenant qu'un examen de celle-ci nous aide non seulement à mieux comprendre ce chapitre peu étudié de l'histoire médicale au Canada, mais également, en toile de fond, le développement professionnel

The Emergence of Naturopathy in Two Canadian Provinces: British Columbia and Ontario, 1920-1970

This paper explores the development and regulation of naturopathy in two Canadian provinces, Ontario and British Columbia, prior to 1950. Naturopathy has been a regulated profession in British Columbia since 1936. In Ontario the regulated group, since 1926 until recently, has been ‘drugless therapy.’ Through a comparative case study we not only document the early history of naturopathy, and its regulation, but we explore the factors shaping professional regulation and development historically. In particular, we highlight the importance of provincial patterns of professional regulation, and inter-professional relations in shaping regulatory trajectories.Voici un article qui traite de l’évolution et de la réglementation de la naturopathie dans deux provinces canadiennes, l’Ontario et la Colombie-Britannique, avant 1950. La naturopathie est une profession réglementée en Colombie-Britannique depuis 1936. En Ontario, le groupe réglementé a été, de 1926 jusqu’à tout récemment, celui des « praticiens ne prescrivant pas de médicaments ». Au moyen d’une étude de cas comparative, nous rendons compte des débuts de la naturopathie et de sa réglementation, mais nous étudions aussi les facteurs qui, pendant très longtemps, ont façonné la réglementation et l’évolution des professions. Nous soulignons en particulier l’importance des caractéristiques provinciales de la réglementation des professions et celle des relations interprofessionnelles dans l’orientation des trajectoires en matière de réglementation

The Experiences of Healthcare Workers and Lawyers Engaging in Remote Work

This study aims to compare the experiences of healthcare workers and lawyers engaging in remote work during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research poster presents a content analysis of the current research on the experiences of professions in the two fields mentioned above. In engaging in content analysis, the study advances a select number of thematic value codes that effectively characterize the similarities and differences between the two professions. With these thematic values codes, it has been found that the healthcare profession and law profession have had a similar experience working from home. With these similarities and differences, one can propose implications for future protocol changes in the respective professions and future research

Expanding Scope of Practice for Ontario Regulated Health Professionals during COVID-19

On 21 April 2021, the Ontario government issued a new order under the Emergency Management and Civil Protection Act, 1990 that authorized regulated health professionals to practice beyond their regular scope of practice when working in hospital settings and providing pandemic-related care. This order required that professionals use their best judgement in practice and work within hospital-assigned duties and privileges. It also allowed health professionals licensed in other provinces or territories to practise without an Ontario license. The goal of this temporary scope of practice expansion and suspension of licensure requirements was to expand health workforce capacity to care for COVID-19 patients. In place for just over a year, this pandemic workforce policy reform was instituted without warning to the health profession regulators in the province and raised questions about how concerns around competence to practise in these expanded roles would be resolved. While there is no clear evaluation plan for this temporary pandemic policy, restrictions and expansions to health professional scope of practice will continue to have broader implications given the worsening workforce crisis. Le 21 avril 2021, le gouvernement de l'Ontario a émis une nouvelle ordonnance en vertu de la Loi de 1990 sur la protection civile et la gestion des situations d'urgence, qui autorise les professionnels de la santé réglementés à exercer au-delà de leur champ d'exercice habituel lorsqu'ils travaillent en milieu hospitalier et fournissent des soins liés à une pandémie. Cette ordonnance exigeait que les professionnels fassent preuve de leur meilleur jugement dans leur pratique et qu'ils travaillent dans le cadre des fonctions et des privilèges assignés par l'hôpital. Elle permettait également aux professionnels de la santé titulaires d'un permis dans d'autres provinces ou territoires d'exercer sans permis en Ontario. L'objectif de cette ordonnance temporaire était d'accroître la capacité du personnel de santé à prendre en charge les patients atteints du syndrome COVID-19. En place depuis un peu plus d'un an, cette réforme de la politique a été instituée sans avertissement et a soulevé des questions quant à la façon dont les préoccupations concernant la compétence à exercer dans ces rôles élargis seraient résolues. Bien qu'il n'y ait pas de plan d'évaluation clair pour cette politique temporaire, les restrictions et l'élargissement du champ d'exercice des professionnels de la santé continueront à avoir des implications plus larges étant donné l'aggravation de la crise des effectifs

International Collaboration on Air Pollution and Pregnancy Outcomes (ICAPPO)

Reviews find a likely adverse effect of air pollution on perinatal outcomes, but variation of findings hinders the ability to incorporate the research into policy. The International Collaboration on Air Pollution and Pregnancy Outcomes (ICAPPO) was formed to better understand relationships between air pollution and adverse birth outcomes through standardized parallel analyses in datasets from different countries. A planning group with 10 members from 6 countries was formed to coordinate the project. Collaboration participants have datasets with air pollution values and birth outcomes. Eighteen research groups with data for approximately 20 locations in Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America are participating, with most participating in an initial pilot study. Datasets generally cover the 1990s. Number of births is generally in the hundreds of thousands, but ranges from around 1,000 to about one million. Almost all participants have some measure of particulate matter, and most have ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Strong enthusiasm for participating and a geographically-diverse range of participants should lead to understanding uncertainties about the role of air pollution in perinatal outcomes and provide decision-makers with better tools to account for pregnancy outcomes in air pollution policies

Temporal segregation of the Australian and Antarctic blue whale call types (Balaenoptera musculus spp.)

We examined recordings from a 15-month (May 2009–July 2010) continuous acoustic data set collected from a bottom-mounted passive acoustic recorder at a sample frequency of 6kHz off Portland, Victoria, Australia (38°33′01″S, 141°15′13″E) off southern Australia. Analysis revealed that calls from both subspecies were recorded at this site, and general additive modeling revealed that the number of calls varied significantly across seasons. Antarctic blue whales were detected more frequently from July to October 2009 and June to July 2010, corresponding to the suspected breeding season, while Australian blue whales were recorded more frequently from March to June 2010, coinciding with the feeding season. In both subspecies, the number of calls varied with time of day; Antarctic blue whale calls were more prevalent in the night to early morning, while Australian blue whale calls were detected more often from midday to early evening. Using passive acoustic monitoring, we show that each subspecies adopts different seasonal and daily call patterns which may be related to the ecological strategies of these subspecies. This study demonstrates the importance of passive acoustics in enabling us to understand and monitor subtle differences in the behavior and ecology of cryptic sympatric marine mammals.This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Society of Mammalogists. The published article can be found at: http://jmammal.oxfordjournals.org/content/96/3/603Keywords: cryptic sympatric marine mammals, seasonal, diel, Australia, calls, Balaenoptera musculus intermedia, Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda, ecology, vocalizationsKeywords: cryptic sympatric marine mammals, seasonal, diel, Australia, calls, Balaenoptera musculus intermedia, Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda, ecology, vocalization

Divergent Serpentoviruses in Free-Ranging Invasive Pythons and Native Colubrids in Southern Florida, United States

Burmese python (Python bivittatus) is an invasive snake that has significantly affected ecosystems in southern Florida, United States. Aside from direct predation and competition, invasive species can also introduce nonnative pathogens that can adversely affect native species. The subfamily Serpentovirinae (order Nidovirales) is composed of positive-sense RNA viruses primarily found in reptiles. Some serpentoviruses, such as shingleback nidovirus, are associated with mortalities in wild populations, while others, including ball python nidovirus and green tree python nidovirus can be a major cause of disease and mortality in captive animals. To determine if serpentoviruses were present in invasive Burmese pythons in southern Florida, oral swabs were collected from both free-ranging and long-term captive snakes. Swabs were screened for the presence of serpentovirus by reverse transcription PCR and sequenced. A total serpentovirus prevalence of 27.8% was detected in 318 python samples. Of the initial swabs from 172 free-ranging pythons, 42 (24.4%) were positive for multiple divergent viral sequences comprising four clades across the sampling range. Both sex and snout-vent length were statistically significant factors in virus prevalence, with larger male snakes having the highest prevalence. Sampling location was statistically significant in circulating virus sequence. Mild clinical signs and lesions consistent with serpentovirus infection were observed in a subset of sampled pythons. Testing of native snakes (n = 219, 18 species) in part of the python range found no evidence of python virus spillover; however, five individual native snakes (2.3%) representing three species were PCR positive for unique, divergent serpentoviruses. Calculated pairwise uncorrected distance analysis indicated the newly discovered virus sequences likely represent three novel genera in the subfamily Serpentovirinae. This study is the first to characterize serpentovirus in wild free-ranging pythons or in any free-ranging North America reptile. Though the risk these viruses pose to the invasive and native species is unknown, the potential for spillover to native herpetofauna warrants further investigation