Infection of Wildlife by Mycobacterium bovis in France Assessment Through a National Surveillance System, Sylvatub

Mycobacterium bovis infection was first described in free-ranging wildlife in France in 2001, with subsequent detection in hunter-harvested ungulates and badgers in areas where outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis (TB) were also detected in cattle. Increasing concerns regarding TB in wildlife led the French General Directorate for Food (DGAL) and the main institutions involved in animal health and wildlife management, to establish a national surveillance system for TB in free-ranging wildlife. This surveillance system is known as “Sylvatub.” The system coordinates the activities of various national and local partners. The main goal of Sylvatub is to detect and monitor M. bovis infection in wildlife through a combination of passive and active surveillance protocols adapted to the estimated risk level in each area of the country. Event-base surveillance relies on M. bovis identification (molecular detection) (i) in gross lesions detected in hunter-harvested ungulates, (ii) in ungulates that are found dead or dying, and (iii) in road-killed badgers. Additional targeted surveillance in badgers, wild boars and red deer is implemented on samples from trapped or hunted animals in at-risk areas. With the exception of one unexplained case in a wild boar, M. bovis infection in free-living wildlife has always been detected in the vicinity of cattle TB outbreaks with the same genotype of the infectious M. bovis strains. Since 2012, M. bovis was actively monitored in these infected areas and detected mainly in badgers and wild boars with apparent infection rates of 4.57–5.14% and 2.37–3.04%, respectively depending of the diagnostic test used (culture or PCR), the period and according to areas. Sporadic infection has also been detected in red deer and roe deer. This surveillance has demonstrated that M. bovis infection, in different areas of France, involves a multi-host system including cattle and wildlife. However, infection rates are lower than those observed in badgers in the United Kingdom or in wild boars in Spain

Civil liability and net neutrality. Conciliation proposal

Il est bien connu que la responsabilité civile appliquée aux intermédiaires techniques de l’internet gouverne bien au-delà de ses destinataires directs. Par le biais de sa fonction normative, elle peut inciter les fournisseurs d’accès et les hébergeurs à restreindre la liberté des utilisateurs du réseau. Pour cette raison, la loi a limité leur responsabilité dès le début des années 2000. Alors que le régime de responsabilité qui en découle est régulièrement au cœur de l’actualité juridique, la neutralité de l’internet fait aujourd’hui l’objet de toutes les attentions. Ce concept émergeant est présenté, tour à tour, comme la condition de la liberté sur le réseau et comme le complice des pires excès. À l’heure où sa consécration légale est proposée avec insistance, il apparaît indispensable de s’enquérir de ses interactions avec une responsabilité civile qui s’inscrit, depuis les origines, au cœur du « droit de l’internet ». La présente recherche illustre, qu’au-delà d’une opposition apparente, les deux concepts peuvent s’enrichir l’un l’autre, pour peu que l’on en fasse une lecture raisonnable. Dans cette optique, les limitations de responsabilité dont bénéficient les intermédiaires techniques épousent les contours de la neutralité. La responsabilité civile appliquée à l’internet s’en trouve éclairée d’un nouveau jour. En retour, la neutralité acquiert une considération pour les dommages qu’elle cause. Elle y gagne un caractère raisonnable qui lui était, jusqu’ici, inconnu. L’espoir est alors permis que, loin du concept destructeur parfois dénoncé, la neutralité de l’internet contribue à équilibrer les relations tumultueuses entre libertés et responsabilité sur le réseau.It is widely known that the civil liability applied to internet intermediaries governs well beyond its direct recipients. Through its normative function, it can encourage hosters and internet service providers to restrict freedom of network users. For this reason, the law limited their liability in the early 2000s. While this system of liability is regularly at the heart of legal news, the net neutrality is now the subject of all attention. This emerging concept is presented, alternately, as the condition of freedom on the network and as an accomplice of the worst excesses. At the time when its legal consecration is suggested with insistence, it is essential to inquire about its interactions with civil liability recorded at the heart of the "internet law". This study demonstrates that, beyond an apparent opposition, the two concepts can be enriched each other, as long as we make a reasonable reading. In this context, the limitations of liability of the technical intermediaries are close to fit with neutrality. It sheds a new light on the civil liability applied to the internet. In return, neutrality becomes a consideration for the damage it causes. It earns a reasonable characteristic that was unknown so far. Far from a destructive concept often denounced, we can hope that the neutrality of the internet helps balance the tumultuous relationship between freedom and responsibility in the network

Responsabilité civile et neutralité de l'internet. Essai de conciliation

It is widely known that the civil liability applied to internet intermediaries governs well beyond its direct recipients. Through its normative function, it can encourage hosters and internet service providers to restrict freedom of network users. For this reason, the law limited their liability in the early 2000s. While this system of liability is regularly at the heart of legal news, the net neutrality is now the subject of all attention. This emerging concept is presented, alternately, as the condition of freedom on the network and as an accomplice of the worst excesses. At the time when its legal consecration is suggested with insistence, it is essential to inquire about its interactions with civil liability recorded at the heart of the "internet law". This study demonstrates that, beyond an apparent opposition, the two concepts can be enriched each other, as long as we make a reasonable reading. In this context, the limitations of liability of the technical intermediaries are close to fit with neutrality. It sheds a new light on the civil liability applied to the internet. In return, neutrality becomes a consideration for the damage it causes. It earns a reasonable characteristic that was unknown so far. Far from a destructive concept often denounced, we can hope that the neutrality of the internet helps balance the tumultuous relationship between freedom and responsibility in the network.Il est bien connu que la responsabilité civile appliquée aux intermédiaires techniques de l’internet gouverne bien au-delà de ses destinataires directs. Par le biais de sa fonction normative, elle peut inciter les fournisseurs d’accès et les hébergeurs à restreindre la liberté des utilisateurs du réseau. Pour cette raison, la loi a limité leur responsabilité dès le début des années 2000. Alors que le régime de responsabilité qui en découle est régulièrement au cœur de l’actualité juridique, la neutralité de l’internet fait aujourd’hui l’objet de toutes les attentions. Ce concept émergeant est présenté, tour à tour, comme la condition de la liberté sur le réseau et comme le complice des pires excès. À l’heure où sa consécration légale est proposée avec insistance, il apparaît indispensable de s’enquérir de ses interactions avec une responsabilité civile qui s’inscrit, depuis les origines, au cœur du « droit de l’internet ». La présente recherche illustre, qu’au-delà d’une opposition apparente, les deux concepts peuvent s’enrichir l’un l’autre, pour peu que l’on en fasse une lecture raisonnable. Dans cette optique, les limitations de responsabilité dont bénéficient les intermédiaires techniques épousent les contours de la neutralité. La responsabilité civile appliquée à l’internet s’en trouve éclairée d’un nouveau jour. En retour, la neutralité acquiert une considération pour les dommages qu’elle cause. Elle y gagne un caractère raisonnable qui lui était, jusqu’ici, inconnu. L’espoir est alors permis que, loin du concept destructeur parfois dénoncé, la neutralité de l’internet contribue à équilibrer les relations tumultueuses entre libertés et responsabilité sur le réseau

First 3D characterization of the Rhône Messinian Canyon in the Tricastin area from complementary geophysical approaches

Superficial geological layers can strongly modify the surface ground motion induced by an earthquake through the so-called “site effects”. One common approach to estimate these local effects at a specific site relies on the numerical simulation of the ground motion. This requires a characterization of the Earth’s subsurface to build a representative model of the seismic wave propagation medium. In this study, we focus on the area of the Tricastin Nuclear Site (TNS). TNS is located over an ancient Rhône canyon whose characteristics and complex geometry make it a good candidate for generating site effects. We present here the first results of 3D medium characterization based on geological investigations and on different types of seismic data, that is, the seismic ambient noise and data from an active seismic exploration survey. The results provided by the different imaging approaches considered are complementary and the first comparison presented in this article highlights the interest of comparing these different results to obtain an overall picture of the subsurface conditions of the site

First 3D characterization of the Rhône Messinian Canyon in the Tricastin area from complementary geophysical approaches

Superficial geological layers can strongly modify the surface ground motion induced by an earthquake through the so-called “site effects”. One common approach to estimate these local effects at a specific site relies on the numerical simulation of the ground motion. This requires a characterization of the Earth’s subsurface to build a representative model of the seismic wave propagation medium. In this study, we focus on the area of the Tricastin Nuclear Site (TNS). TNS is located over an ancient Rhône canyon whose characteristics and complex geometry make it a good candidate for generating site effects. We present here the first results of 3D medium characterization based on geological investigations and on different types of seismic data, that is, the seismic ambient noise and data from an active seismic exploration survey. The results provided by the different imaging approaches considered are complementary and the first comparison presented in this article highlights the interest of comparing these different results to obtain an overall picture of the subsurface conditions of the site