Comparative Study Between Gender Bias in Household Water Conservation and Management in Commune of Pelengana

Highlighting the practice of water conservation (PWC) is a safe way to accomplish water savings. Nevertheless, parameters affecting behavior change linked to water use keep uncertain. In this study, 467 residents (female: 272; male: 195) from three villages situated in the commune of Pelengana in Segou, Mali were investigated in order to analyze the effects of awareness, perceptions and individual water-use patterns control on PWC, and also the influence of gender on inhabitants' PWC. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc LSD tests were used in analyzing different data. Participants were very familiar with PWC, but stated low involvement in PWC, especially among men consumers. Although women adopted more PWC than men, the amount of water consumed by these women was more twice greater that of men. Women consumers engaged in PWC principally to reduce water costs, while men consumers applied PWC principally for water scarcity reduction. Daily habits changes and demands of extra time and effort were the principal obstacles for PWC, notably for men consumers. In all, there is a pressing need to enhance information clarity and communication among gender, consumers, and decision-makers to strengthen social assistance for water conservation. Keywords: Water conservation, behavior, gender, awareness, water-use patterns, Mali's rural area DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/63-05 Publication date:March 31st 202

The time varying network of urban space uses in Milan

Abstract In a metropolis, people movements design intricate patterns that change on very short temporal scales. Population mobility obviously is not random, but driven by the land uses of the city. Such an urban ecosystem can interestingly be explored by integrating the spatial analysis of land uses (through ecological indicators commonly used to characterize natural environments) with the temporal analysis of human mobility (reconstructed from anonymized mobile phone data). Considering the city of Milan (Italy) as a case study, here we aimed to identify the complex relations occurring between the land-use composition of its neighborhoods and the spatio-temporal patterns of occupation made by citizens. We generated two spatially explicit networks, one static and the other temporal, based on the analysis of land uses and mobile phone data, respectively. The comparison between the results of community detection performed on both networks revealed that neighborhoods that are similar in terms of land-use composition are not necessarily characterized by analogous temporal fluctuations of human activities. In particular, the historical concentric urban structure of Milan is still under play. Our big data driven approach to characterize urban diversity provides outcomes that could be important (i) to better understand how and when urban spaces are actually used, and (ii) to allow policy makers improving strategic development plans that account for the needs of metropolis-like permanently changing cities

Caractérisation Physico-Chimique Et Minéralogique Des Argiles De La Carrière De Mirriah, Région De Zinder, Utilisées Dans La Poterie

In order to contribute to the valuation of clay materials from the Zinder Region, the clays taken from the quarry and used for the pottery of Mirriah have been characterized from a physico-chemical and mineralogical point of view. So the five samples were taken and the composite sample representative of the quarry were subjected to chemical and mineralogical analyzes.The chemical analysis showed that the six samples all consisted of more than 60% aluminosilicates with a high silica/alumina ratio estimated at 2.5 on average. This report shows that the samples of this study are rich in clay minerals; this is in agreement with the estimate of the fine or clay fraction which is 39.5% of the initial mass of the raw sample. This chemical analysis also made it European Scientific Journal, ESJ ISSN: 1857-7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857-7431 January 2021 edition Vol.17, No.3 www.eujournal.org 122 possible to highlight, at the level of these Mirriah clays, a significant iron oxide content of 32%, which gives them a brick red color. The main mineralogical phases detected by X-ray diffraction in the raw sample and its fine fraction are kaolinite, a mica structure close to illite and quartz, all weathering products of granite. This characterization indicates that the clays mined at the Mirriah quarry are very favorable materials for formulations of pottery products. Dans le but de contribuer à la valorisation des matériaux argileux de la Région de Zinder, les argiles prélevées à la carrière et utilisées pour la poterie de Mirriah ont été caractérisées du point de vue physico-chimique et minéralogique. Ainsi les cinq échantillons ont été prélevés et l’échantillon composite représentatif de la carrière, ont été soumis à des analyses chimiques et minéralogiques. Il ressort de l’analyse chimique que les six échantillons sont tous constitués à plus de 60 % d’aluminosilicates avec un rapport silice/alumine élevé estimé à 2,5 en moyenne. Ce rapport montre que les échantillons de cette étude sont riches en minéraux argileux ceci est en accord avec l’estimation de la fraction fine ou argileuse qui est de 39,5 % de la masse initiale de l’échantillon brut. Cette analyse chimique a aussi permis de mettre European Scientific Journal, ESJ ISSN: 1857-7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857-7431 January 2021 edition Vol.17, No.3 www.eujournal.org 121 en évidence, au niveau de ces argiles de Mirriah, une teneur importante en oxyde de fer de 32% ceci leur induit une couleur rouge brique. Les phases minéralogiques principales détectées par diffraction des rayons X dans l’échantillon brut et sa fraction fine sont de la kaolinite, une structure de mica proche de l’illite et du quartz, tous des produits d’altération du granite. Cette caractérisation indique que les argiles exploitées à la carrière de Mirriah sont des matériaux très favorables aux formulations des produits de poterie

Determinants of Success of the Young Entrepreneurship: Case of Young Financed by Fier in Segou Region

This research focuses on a less explored subject but one of considerable importance for the development of the Segou region, mainly the determinants of the success of young entrepreneurs. The objective of this research was to determine the success factors of entrepreneurs (entrepreneurial activities) financed by the FIER Project in the region of Segou. As part of this research, data were collected from a sample of 334 (three hundred and thirty-four) young entrepreneurs who are partners in the project.The results show that six (6) branches of activity were identified which are cattle fattening at 65.3%, followed by sheep fattening at 27.2%, cereal trade at 4.2%, goat breeding at 1.8 %, vegetable gardening at 1.2% ended by the trade of agricultural inputs 0.3%. Almost half of the entrepreneurs interviewed (46.1%) have more than 2 years of experience in their sector of activity, generally between 3 and 4 years. The DFS, partners of the young people in the sample, are CAECE JIGISEME, CVECA/ON, KAFO JIGINEW and NYESIGISO.The results of the logistic regression indicate that the motivation of young people to be their own boss, to value themselves, the experience in the activity, the financing of FIER and the Restitution of the amount received are significant at the threshold of 0.1%, 1 % and 5%. The Wald test confirms variables such as the motivation of the young person, the number of years in the activity, the structure of the financing, the personal contribution, the restitution and the start of production. Keyswords: Rural entrepreneurship, young, determinants, FIER, Segou, ACM. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/15-6-02 Publication date:March 31st 202

The prevalence and distribution of the amyloidogenic transthyretin (TTR) V122I allele in Africa

Transthyretin (TTR) pV142I (rs76992529-A) is one of the 113 variants in the human TTR gene associated with systemic amyloidosis. It results from a G to A transition at a CG dinucleotide in the codon for amino acid 122 of the mature protein (TTR V122I). The allele frequency is 0.0173 in African Americans

PROBING VIBRATIONAL WAVE PACKETS IN ORGANOPHOSHOROUS MOLECULES USING FEMTOSECOND TIME-RESOLVED MASS SPECTROMETRY

Organic phosphates and phosphonates share a basic structure with organophoshorous chemical warfare agents and cellular components such as DNA. To understand ultrafast nuclear dynamics in isolated organic phosphates and phosphonates, Femtosecond Time Resolved Mass Spectrometry (FTRMS) was employed. FTRMS applies the pump-probe technique with mass spectrometric detection. In our experiment an ionizing $10^{14}$ W cm$^{-2}$, 1500 nm, 18 fs pump and a non-ionizing $10^{13}$ W cm$^{-2}$, 800 nm, 25 fs probe pulse were used. Experiments were performed on four related compounds: dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), diethyl methylphosphonate (DEMP), diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) and trimethyl phosphate (TMP). The yields of parent molecular ions generated by the pump pulse exhibited ultrafast oscillations with the period depending on the parent molecule. These oscillations indicate the presence of a vibrational wave packet that is excited upon ionization. In DMMP, a well resolved peak of 45 fs ($732\pm28$ cm$^{-1}$) was observed with a weak feature at 610-650 cm$^{-1}$, while DIMP exhibits bimodal oscillation with frequencies of $554\pm28$ and 670-720 cm$^{-1}$. Oscillations for DEMP were barely visible due to rapid decay. The high- and low- frequency oscillations in DMMP and DIMP were assigned to coherent excitation of O-P-O bend and P-C stretching respectively based on DFT calculations. Bimodal oscillations at 770 and 880 cm$^{-1}$ in TMP were also observed and are tentatively assigned to the symmetric and asymmetric P-O stretching modes. These results suggest that this group of compounds exhibits similar coherent vibrational excitation upon ionization. These results may have applications to development of new organophosphorous chemical warfare agent detection and destruction techniques based on the coherent control and may point to reaction pathways in organophosphorous compounds of biological relevance

Sensitivity Analysis of the GEMS Soil Organic Carbon Model to Land Cover Land Use Classification Uncertainties Under Different Climate Scenarios in Senegal

Spatially explicit land cover land use (LCLU) change information is needed to drive biogeochemical models that simulate soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. Such information is increasingly being mapped using remotely sensed satellite data with classification schemes and uncertainties constrained by the sensing system, classification algorithms and land cover schemes. In this study, automated LCLU classification of multi-temporal Landsat satellite data were used to assess the sensitivity of SOC modeled by the Global Ensemble Biogeochemical Modeling System (GEMS). The GEMS was run for an area of 1560km2 in Senegal under three climate change scenarios with LCLU maps generated using different Landsat classification approaches. This research provides a method to estimate the variability of SOC, specifically the SOC uncertainty due to satellite classification errors, which we show is dependent not only on the LCLU classification errors but also on where the LCLU classes occur relative to the other GEMS model inputs

Effects of Ebola epidemic on obstetrical emergencies and outcomes in the region of Kindia, Guinea

Background: Maternal mortality is still high in Guinea despite a decline from 724 to 550 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births between 2012 and 2018. The proportion of births attended by skilled personnel is estimated at 45%. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic on the frequency of absolute maternal indications, as well as the outcomes of these interventions for mother and child in the region of Kindia.Methods: This was a longitudinal study using 20 months of retrospective data collected in the pre-Ebola (March to December 2012 and March to December 2013) and intra-Ebola (March to December 2014 and March to December 2015) periods. The proportions of maternal health indicators in both study periods were compared using a significance level of 0.05.Results: A total of 1747 women were included in this study. The proportion of women who received a major obstetric procedure in Kindia regional hospital was 85% in each pre and post Ebola periods. Ebola, however, contributed to a significant increase in maternal deaths.Conclusions: The Ebola epidemic has contributed to a significant increase in maternal deaths in health facilities. Measures encouraging health workers to manage obstetric emergencies during critical periods would be necessary

Differential infectivity of gametocytes after artemisinin-based combination therapy of uncomplicated falciparum malaria

Background: Most malaria-endemic countries use artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) as their first-line treatment. ACTs are known to be highly effective on asexual stages of the malaria parasite. Malaria transmission and the spread of resistant parasites depend on the infectivity of gametocytes. The effect of the current ACT regimens on gametocyte infectivity is unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the infectivity of gametocytes to Anopheles gambiae following ACT treatment in the field. Methods: During a randomised controlled trial in Bougoula-Hameau, Mali, conducted from July 2005 to July 2007, volunteers with uncomplicated malaria were randomised to receive artemether-lumefantrine, artesunate-amodiaquine, or artesunate-sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Volunteers were followed for 28 days, and gametocyte carriage was assessed. Direct skin feeding assays were performed on gametocyte carriers before and after ACT administration. Results: Following artemether-lumefantrine treatment, gametocyte carriage decreased steadily from Day 0 to Day 21 post-treatment initiation. In contrast, for the artesunate-amodiaquine and artesunate-sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine arms, gametocyte carriage increased on Day 3 and remained constant until Day 7 before decreasing afterward. Mosquito feeding assays showed that artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine significantly increased gametocyte infectivity to Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) (p < 10−4), whereas artesunate-sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine decreased gametocyte infectivity in this setting (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Different ACT regimens could lead to gametocyte populations with different capacity to infect the Anopheles vector. Frequent assessment of the effect of antimalarials on gametocytogenesis and gametocyte infectivity may be required for the full assessment of treatment efficacy, the potential for spread of drug resistance and malaria transmission in the field