Early specification of ascidian larval motor neurons

AbstractIn the tadpole larvae of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi, six motor neurons, Moto-A, -B, and -C (a pair of each), are localized proximal to the caudal neural tube and show distinct morphology and innervation patterns. To gain insights into early mechanisms underlying differentiation of individual motor neurons, we have isolated an ascidian homologue of Islet, a LIM type homeobox gene. Earliest expression of Islet was detected in a pair of bilateral blastomeres on the dorsal edge of the late gastrula. At the neurula stage, this expression began to disappear and more posterior cells started to express Islet. Compared to expression of a series of motor neuron genes, it was confirmed that early Islet-positive blastomeres are the common precursors of Moto-A and -B, and late Islet-positive cells in the posterior neural tube are the precursors of Moto-C. Overexpression of Islet induced ectopic expression of motor neuron markers, suggesting that Islet is capable of regulating motor neuron differentiation. Since early expression of Islet colocalizes with that of HrBMPb, the ascidian homologue of BMP2/4, we tested a role of BMP in specification of the motor neuron fate. Overexpression of HrBMPb led to expansion of Lim and Islet expression toward the central area of the neural plate, and microinjection of mRNA coding for a dominant-negative BMP receptor weakened the expression of these genes. Our results suggest that determination of the ascidian motor neuron fate takes place at late gastrula stage and local BMP signaling may play a role in this step

XML ニヨリ タゲンゴ イバージョン オ トウゴウ スル アプリケーション キョウイクヨウ WEB キョウザイ

コンピュータ・リテラシー演習の1年次クラスならびに再履修者クラスの指導のためのWeb教材を作成する。1年次クラスには、近年特に中国・韓国からの留学生が増加している。一方再履修者クラスでは、使用するアプリケーションのバージョンが異なる学生が混在している。以上のような理由から、コンピュータ・リテラシー演習のための演習問題を日本語・中国語・韓国語の異なる言語で、またWord2002・Word2000・Excel2002・Excel2000の異なるバージョンでも学習できるとともに、Windowsの基本操作・html4.01&css2・JavaScript1.3基本演習・Flash5Jの基本演習などを含むWeb教材を、XML(Extensible Markup Language)により統合化して作成し、一部利用可能である。Web teaching materials for computer literacy exercise are created for 1 annual class and a re-completion person class. The foreign student from China and South Korea is increasing in recent years to especially 1 annual class. On the other hand the versions of the software which students use differ in re-completion person\u27s class. Description in Japanese, Chinese, and Korean and operation explanation by Word2002, Word2000, Excel2002, and Excel2000 of this Web teaching materials are integration-ized by XML (Extensible Markup Language). This materials also includes the basic exercise of html4.01&css2, a Java Script1.3 basic exercise, and Flash5J basic exercise etc and a part can be used

ショウワキチ カンソクトウ デ 35 ネンカン シヨウ シタ コウゾウ ガスケット ノ カタサ チョウサ

第43次日本南極地域観測隊越冬隊において,昭和基地の観測棟で35 年間使用された構造ガスケットの硬さ試験を行った.新品の構造ガスケットを用いて硬さ試験を行い,その結果を初期値とした.紫外線が多く当たる北西面の構造ガスケットは,南東面の構造ガスケットに比べて劣化が進んでいた.屋外側と屋内側の劣化の程度は,ほぼ同じであった.観測棟で35 年間使用した構造ガスケットは,新品の構造ガスケットに比べて,硬さが1 割増加した程度であり,大きな亀裂などは見られなかった.これらより,この構造ガスケットは今後も昭和基地で継続して使用可能であると考えられる.A structural gasket at the observation hut in Syowa Station has been in use for 35 years. We studied the hardness of the original structural gasket during the 43rd Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition. We tested that of the new article, and the results are assumed to be an initial value. The structural gasket at the northwest section of the station deteriorated to a greater extent than did the structural gasket at the southeast section, because of the former\u27s exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The exterior and interior components of the northwest structural gasket show similar degrees of degradation. This structural gasket has hardened by 10 % relative to the new structural gasket. The 35-year-old structural gasket contains no large cracks, indicating its suitability for continual use

Controlo químico de infestantes

Uma planta é considerada infestante quando nasce espontaneamente num local e momento indesejados, podendo interferir negativamente com a cultura instalada. As infestantes competem com as culturas para o espaço, a luz, água e nutrientes, podendo atrasar e prejudicar as operações de colheita, depreciar o produto final e assegurarem a reinfestação nas culturas seguintes. Dado o modo de propagação diferenciado das diversas espécies de infestantes, com as anuais a propagarem-se por semente e as perenes ou vivazes a assegurarem a sua propagação através de órgãos vegetativos (rizomas, bolbos, tubérculos, etc.), assim, também o seu controlo quer químico, quer mecânico terá que ser diferenciado, ou seja, para controlar infestantes anuais será suficiente destruir a sua parte aérea, enquanto para controlar infestantes perenes teremos que destruir os seus órgãos reprodutivos. O controlo de infestantes poderá ser químico, através da utilização de herbicidas, ou mecânico pela utilização de alfaias agrícolas, tais como a charrua de aivecas, a charrua de discos, a grade de discos, o escarificador e a fresa. Quando a técnica utilizada na instalação das culturas é a sementeira directa, o controlo das infestantes terá que ser obrigatoriamente químico, enquanto se o recurso à mobilização do solo for a técnica mais utilizada (sistema de mobilização tradicional ou sistema de mobilização reduzida), o controlo das infestantes tanto poderá ser químico como mecânico. Neste trabalho iremos abordar apenas, o controlo químico de infestantes

Guidelines for the management of biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas: surgical treatment

The only curative treatment in biliary tract cancer is surgical treatment. Therefore, the suitability of curative resection should be investigated in the first place. In the presence of metastasis to the liver, lung, peritoneum, or distant lymph nodes, curative resection is not suitable. No definite consensus has been reached on local extension factors and curability. Measures of hepatic functional reserve in the jaundiced liver include future liver remnant volume and the indocyanine green (ICG) clearance test. Preoperative portal vein embolization may be considered in patients in whom right hepatectomy or more, or hepatectomy with a resection rate exceeding 50%–60% is planned. Postoperative complications and surgery-related mortality may be reduced with the use of portal vein embolization. Although hepatectomy and/or pancreaticoduodenectomy are preferable for the curative resection of bile duct cancer, extrahepatic bile duct resection alone is also considered in patients for whom it is judged that curative resection would be achieved after a strict diagnosis of its local extension. Also, combined caudate lobe resection is recommended for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Because the prognosis of patients treated with combined portal vein resection is significantly better than that of unresected patients, combined portal vein resection may be carried out. Prognostic factors after resection for bile duct cancer include positive surgical margins, especially in the ductal stump; lymph node metastasis; perineural invasion; and combined vascular resection due to portal vein and/or hepatic artery invasion. For patients with suspected gallbladder cancer, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is not recommended, and open cholecystectomy should be performed as a rule. When gallbladder cancer invading the subserosal layer or deeper has been detected after simple cholecystectomy, additional resection should be considered. Prognostic factors after resection for gallbladder cancer include the depth of mural invasion; lymph node metastasis; extramural extension, especially into the hepatoduodenal ligament; perineural invasion; and the degree of curability. Pancreaticoduodenectomy is indicated for ampullary carcinoma, and limited operation is also indicated for carcinoma in adenoma. The prognostic factors after resection for ampullary carcinoma include lymph node metastasis, pancreatic invasion, and perineural invasion

Examination of the lifestyle of head injury patients using the Frenchay Activities Index

journal articl

Study on hardness of the 35-year-old structural gasket used at the observation hut in Syowa Station

A structural gasket at the observation hut in Syowa Station has been in use for 35 years. We studied the hardness of the original structural gasket during the 43rd Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition. We tested that of the new article, and the results are assumed to be an initial value. The structural gasket at the northwest section of the station deteriorated to a greater extent than did the structural gasket at the southeast section, because of the former's exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The exterior and interior components of the northwest structural gasket show similar degrees of degradation. This structural gasket has hardened by 10 % relative to the new structural gasket. The 35-year-old structural gasket contains no large cracks, indicating its suitability for continual use

Inter- and Intra-Population Migration of the Gidra in Lowland Papua: A Population-Ecological Analysis

The Gidra-speaking Papuans, numbering 1,850 and inhabiting thirteen villages, are an endogamous population; 95% of the married members were born within the Gidra territory. Indeed, 70% of the marriages are village endogamous. The bulk of the remainder of marriages are between adjacent villages. Thus, the Gidra population is maintained by inter-village migration in overlapping sub-units, each including several adjacent villages. The rate of out-migration to urban areas, which has been increasing in the last couple of decades, is higher in acculturated villages, although the difference is largely offset by an uneven flow of inter-village migrants within the territory

人間の筋特性に基づく感覚-運動統合理論の構築とインピーダンストレーニング法の提案

研究期間:平成15-18年度 ; 研究種目:基盤研究B ; 課題番号:15360226原著には既発表論文の別刷を含む