Inhibidores del comercio electronico en las Pymes

103 p.El comercio electrónico ha experimentado un importante crecimiento en el mundo hace varios años, previo a esto ha debido enfrentar diversos factores que han inhibido su crecimiento. Nuestro país no es una excepción, se ha producido una brecha entre el inmenso desarrollo de estas tecnologías por parte de las grandes empresas y, las pequeñas y medianas que han visto distanciarse el horizonte de los negocios en línea. El objetivo de la presente investigación es identificar los factores (inhibidores) que han frenado la incorporación al comercio electrónico en las PyMEs de Chile. Con este trabajo se pretende contribuir a la investigación de los negocios sobre la Web, además se intenta generar documentación para futuras investigaciones complementarias a esta, a fin de establecer acciones que sirvan para enmendar el efecto negativo que ejercen los inhibidores del comercio electrónico. El procedimiento que se realizó para conseguir el objetivo general y los específicos fue una investigación de mercado, que comenzó por un estudio exploratorio y seguido de uno del tipo concluyente, a través de una encuesta que se aplicó a 200 empresas de diversas industrias en la zona centro y centro sur del país. De este estudio se concluye que existen diversos inhibidores que afectan la incorporación de las Pymes al comercio electrónico, siendo el más relevante la Seguridad en el comercio electrónico, seguido de factores como la Confianza entre los participantes y la Carencia de modelos de negocios. También se concluyó que los inhibidores afectan de manera diferente a las empresas dependiendo de su tamaño (medido en facturación anual), industria, entre otras características

Halocline water modification and along slope advection at the Laptev Sea continental margin

A general pattern in water mass distribution and potential shelf–basin exchange is revealed at the Laptev Sea continental slope based on hydrochemical and stable oxygen isotope data from the summers 2005–2009. Despite considerable interannual variations, a frontal system can be inferred between shelf, continental slope and central Eurasian Basin waters in the upper 100 m of the water column along the continental slope. Net sea-ice melt is consistently found at the continental slope. However, the sea-ice meltwater signal is independent from the local retreat of the ice cover and appears to be advected from upwind locations. In addition to the along-slope frontal system at the continental shelf break, a strong gradient is identified on the Laptev Sea shelf between 122° E and 126° E with an eastward increase of riverine and sea-ice related brine water contents. These waters cross the shelf break at ~ 140° E and feed the low-salinity halocline water (LSHW, salinity S < 33) in the upper 50 m of the water column. High silicate concentrations in Laptev Sea bottom waters may lead to speculation about a link to the local silicate maximum found within the salinity range of ~ 33 to 34.5, typical for the Lower Halocline Water (LHW) at the continental slope. However brine signatures and nutrient ratios from the central Laptev Sea differ from those observed at the continental slope. Thus a significant contribution of Laptev Sea bottom waters to the LHW at the continental slope can be excluded. The silicate maximum within the LHW at the continental slope may be formed locally or at the outer Laptev Sea shelf. Similar to the advection of the sea-ice melt signal along the Laptev Sea continental slope, the nutrient signal at 50–70 m water depth within the LHW might also be fed by advection parallel to the slope. Thus, our analyses suggest that advective processes from upstream locations play a significant role in the halocline formation in the northern Laptev Sea

Inflammatory mediators and immune response in Mexican adolescents

Introduction: Low-grade inflammation and increased immunity related to cardiovascular diseases have been described in children and adults, however, studies in Mexican adolescents are being done at present. Objective: To evaluate inflammatory proteins and indicators of immunity in adolescents by gender and body mass index. Material and methods: 115 Mexican adolescents, 15-18 years old (36 men), were divided into non-overweight, risk of overweight and overweight by CDC pediatric criteria by body mass index. Serum concentrations of ceruloplasmin, C3 and C4 were quantified by nephelometry; IL-6 and TNF-α from stimulated supernatant were analyzed with Human Th1-Th2 cytokine CBA II kit (BD Biosciences Pharmigen, San Diego, CA), and detected by flow cytometry. Data were analysed by Mann-Whitney U. Results: Gender differences were found in C3 (men: median 118.8, mean rank: 41.0; women: median: 143.9, mean rank: 65.7, p = 0.001) and ceruloplasmin (men: median: 31.01, mean rank: 47.06; women: median: 31.0, mean rank: 62.9, p = 0.015). Differences by BMI were found in C3 (women non-overweight: median: 137.00 mena rank: 36.52; women with risk of overweight/overweight: median: 175.80, mean rank: 57.69, p = 0.002) and C4 (men non-overweight: median: 23.40, mean rank: 16.60; men with risk of overweight/overweight: median: 26.40, mean rank: 26.36, p = 0.028; women non-overweight: median: 24.25, mean rank: 37.16 and women with risk of overweight/overweight: median: 32.80, mean rank: 54.42, p = 0.013). Conclusion: Inflammatory proteins are increased in adolescents with risk of overweight and overweight, particularly in women

ANÁLISE SUSTENTÁVEL DO MODELO DE CICLO DE VIDA. SITUAÇÃO E PERSPECTIVAS DE IXTAPAN DE LA SAL, MÉXICO

Cuando se busca entender la evolución de un destino turístico, el análisis del ciclo de vida es una de las herramientas de gestión y planeación más utilizadas. Sin embargo, existen para su medición, variables limitadas que generalmente se basan en la cantidad de turistas y en el tiempo en que se ha desarrollado la actividad, lo cual deja en un segundo plano la sustentabilidad. En este trabajo, se formula un esquema alternativo de análisis mediante el cual se integran variables de sustentabilidad para establecer los impactos económicos, ambientales y sociales de los turistas actuales y futuros. Así también, se presenta una metodología que estima la curva de evolución de los destinos, para aquellos lugares que no cuentan con información suficiente. Finalmente se concluye que el destino de Ixtapan de la Sal, en México, hoy en día no es sustentable, y un mayor número de turistas solo pondría en riesgo su competitividad

Reframing the carbon cycle of the subpolar Southern Ocean

Global climate is critically sensitive to physical and biogeochemical dynamics in the subpolar Southern Ocean, since it is here that deep, carbon-rich layers of the world ocean outcrop and exchange carbon with the atmosphere. Here, we present evidence that the conventional framework for the subpolar Southern Ocean carbon cycle, which attributes a dominant role to the vertical overturning circulation and shelf-sea processes, fundamentally misrepresents the drivers of regional carbon uptake. Observations in the Weddell Gyre—a key representative region of the subpolar Southern Ocean—show that the rate of carbon uptake is set by an interplay between the Gyre’s horizontal circulation and the remineralization at mid-depths of organic carbon sourced from biological production in the central gyre. These results demonstrate that reframing the carbon cycle of the subpolar Southern Ocean is an essential step to better define its role in past and future climate change

Salud e interculturalidad : un estudio en una población migrante en Mendoza

Los objetivos propuestos en la investigación han posibilitado identificar y documentar las barreras de acceso y los factores de riesgo en los cuidados de salud en ginecología y obstetricia y evaluar la situación sociofamiliar en la población migrante instrumentando acciones de inclusión en el sistema de salud de la provincia en aquellas pacientes que requirieron una atención de mayor complejidad. La experiencia de trabajo interdisciplinario en una comunidad ha posibilitado estudiar a 99 mujeres en edad fértil, en un 45% de origen boliviano, con alta vulnerabilidad social que habitan en el Distrito Belgrano de Guaymallén. Se realizó un estudio protocolizado, descriptivo y observacional con entrevistas semiestructuradas y control ginecológico, con toma de muestras para Papanicolaou y colposcopía en un consultorio que se instaló en el jardín maternal. Se aplicó un consentimiento informado a todas las mujeres antes de la realización de los estudios. La lectura de las muestras y los estudios específicos incluyeron mamografías y ecografías que se realizaron en los servicios de anatomía patológica y rayos del Hospital Universitario. El equipo del Hospital Universitario que concurrió a terreno estuvo formado por ginecólogos, trabajadores sociales, enfermeros y alumnos de las carreras de grado.The proposed objectives of the research were to identify and document possible barriers and risk factors in health care in gynecology and obstetrics and assess the family situation in the migrant population more steps for inclusion in the health system in the province in those patients requiring more complex care. Work experience in a community interdisciplinary study has enabled 99 women of childbearing age, 45% of Bolivian origin, with high social vulnerability living in the Belgrano district of Guaymallén. A study protocol, descriptive and observational semistructured interviews and gynecological surveillance sampling for Papsmear and colposcopy in an office that was installed in the garden nursery. Informed consent was applied to all women before the completion of the studies. Reading the signs and specific studies included mammography and ultrasound were performed in pathology services at University Hospital and lightning. The team from the University Hospital who attended field consisted gynecologists, social workers, nurses and students of undergraduate courses.Fil: Daguerre, Pedro. Hospital Universitario (Mendoza, Argentina)Fil: Falco, Paula. Hospital Universitario (Mendoza, Argentina)Fil: Alonso, Pablo. Hospital Universitario (Mendoza, Argentina)Fil: Gimenez, Cecilia. Hospital Universitario (Mendoza, Argentina)Fil: Sayegh, F. C.. Hospital Universitario (Mendoza, Argentina)Fil: Sanz, Alba. Hospital Universitario (Mendoza, Argentina)Fil: Pampillon, Javier. Hospital Universitario (Mendoza, Argentina)Fil: Barg, Liliana. Hospital Universitario (Mendoza, Argentina)Fil: Torres, Cecilia. Hospital Universitario (Mendoza, Argentina)Fil: Valdes, Gonzalo. Hospital Universitario (Mendoza, Argentina)Fil: Michel, Jorge. Hospital Universitario (Mendoza, Argentina

Estimating the recharge properties of the deep ocean using noble gases and helium isotopes

© The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121 (2016): 5959–5979, doi:10.1002/2016JC011809.The distribution of noble gases and helium isotopes in the dense shelf waters of Antarctica reflects the boundary conditions near the ocean surface: air-sea exchange, sea ice formation, and subsurface ice melt. We use a nonlinear least squares solution to determine the value of the recharge temperature and salinity, as well as the excess air injection and glacial meltwater content throughout the water column and in the precursor to Antarctic Bottom Water. The noble gas-derived recharge temperature and salinity in the Weddell Gyre are −1.95°C and 34.95 psu near 5500 m; these cold, salty recharge values are a result of surface cooling as well as brine rejection during sea ice formation in Antarctic polynyas. In comparison, the global value for deep water recharge temperature is −0.44°C at 5500 m, which is 1.5°C warmer than the southern hemisphere deep water recharge temperature, reflecting a distinct contribution from the north Atlantic. The contrast between northern and southern hemisphere recharge properties highlights the impact of sea ice formation on setting the gas properties in southern sourced deep water. Below 1000 m, glacial meltwater averages 3.5‰ by volume and represents greater than 50% of the excess neon and argon found in the water column. These results indicate glacial melt has a nonnegligible impact on the atmospheric gas content of Antarctic Bottom Water.National Science Foundation Grant Number: (OCE-0825394

Nitrogen dynamic in Eurasian coastal Arctic ecosystem: Insight from nitrogen isotope

Primary productivity is limited by the availability of nitrogen (N) in most of the coastal Arctic, as a large portion of N is released by the spring freshet and completely consumed during the following summer. Thus, understanding the fate of riverine nitrogen is critical to identify the link between dissolved nitrogen dynamic and coastal primary productivity to foresee upcoming changes in the Arctic seas, such as increase riverine discharge and permafrost thaw. Here, we provide a field-based study of nitrogen dynamic over the Laptev Sea shelf based on isotope geochemistry. We demonstrate that while most of the nitrate found under the surface fresh water layer is of remineralized origin, some of the nitrate originates from atmospheric input and was probably transported at depth by the mixing of brine-enriched denser water during sea-ice formation. Moreover, our results suggest that riverine dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) represents up to 6 times the total riverine release of nitrate and that about 62 to 76% of the DON is removed within the shelf waters. This is a crucial information regarding the near-future impact of climate change on primary productivity in the Eurasian coastal Arctic

Pensamiento Novohispano 17

La colección Pensamiento Novohispano, en este número 17, reúne las siguientes colaboraciones: siete trabajos de investigación pertenecientes al siglo XVI, cinco al siglo XVII y cuatro al siglo XVIII. Nuestro propósito es difundir estos temas vinculados con el Encuentro de Dos Mundos y su colonización. El proceso de Evangelización en el Período Colonial ha dado lugar a una diversidad de significaciones e interpretaciones; unas, acordes con la visión tradicional de la conquista (desde una perspectiva positiva, de aceptación); otras, en oposición al modo y consecuencias que sufrieron los pueblos conquistados (se asume una postura más crítica). En el primer caso, a decir de Boff, el camino de evangelización fue asumido por algunos misioneros que “supieron acercarse a los otros, distintos en cuanto a la raza, la lengua y la religión, mediante una convivencia pacífica, fraterna y amorosa. Trataron de proclamar el evangelio sin hacer uso del aparato del poder, sino únicamente con el amor, el diálogo, el encuentro, la inserción y el ejemplo de la vida.”1 Aquí se presentan manifestaciones y testimonios vivos de estos encuentros, aquellos en donde no es posible dar lugar a la inculturación o aculturación; sólo se puede evangelizar cuando se aprende a convivir con diferentes culturas en el respeto compartido por la diferencia y la preocupación por la calidad de vida común

Integer programming models for the pre-marshalling problem

[EN] The performance of shipping companies greatly depends on reduced berthing times. The trend towards bigger ships and shorter berthing times places severe stress on container terminals, which cannot simply increase the available cranes indefinitely. Therefore, the focus is on optimizing existing resources. An effective way of speeding up the loading/unloading operations of ships at the container terminal is to use the idle time before the arrival of a ship for sorting the stored containers in advance. The pre-marshalling problem consists in rearranging the containers placed in a bay in the order in which they will be required later, looking for a sequence with the minimum number of moves. With sorted bays, loading/unloading operations are significantly faster, as there is no longer a need to make unproductive moves in the bays once ships are berthed. In this paper, we address the pre-marshalling problem by developing and testing integer linear programming models. Two alternative families of models are proposed, as well as an iterative solution procedure that does not depend on a difficult to obtain upper bound. An extensive computational analysis has been carried out over several well-known datasets from the literature. This analysis has allowed us to test the performance of the models, and to conclude that the performance of the best proposed model is superior to that of previously published alternatives.This study has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport, FPU Grant A-2015-12849 and by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, under projects DPI2014-53665-P and DPI2015-65895-R, partially financed with FEDER funds.Parreño-Torres, C.; Alvarez-Valdes, R.; Ruiz García, R. (2019). Integer programming models for the pre-marshalling problem. European Journal of Operational Research. 274(1):142-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2018.09.048S142154274