Efeito da substituição de ração comercial por blocos nutricionais na resposta produtiva de coelhos em condições tropicais

In Mexico, derived from the high cost of inputs to prepare balanced feed and commercial concentrates, alternatives and strategies based on the use of unconventional raw materials should be sought. The use of nutritional blocks that provide the necessary requirements and that replaces commercial foods and thus lowers costs has been proposed. The objective of this study was to determine the dry matter intake, weight gain and economic income in rabbits fed with commercial food and nutritional blocks. The experimental design was completely randomized and the means of the treatments were compared using Tukey's test. The treatments (T) were randomly assigned to 10 first-time F1 female rabbits (Butterfly * New Zealand, 2.26 kg LW): T1: commercial food (Api-Aba®), T2: nutritional block. The evaluations included dry matter intake (DMS), daily weight gain (GDP). At the end of the study, the economic income was evaluated. The results obtained showed that when the nutritional block was offered, food consumption decreased by 11 and 68 g d-1 (p<0.05) during gestation and lactation, respectively. There were no differences (p>0.05) in GDP in the gestation, lactation stage or in the weaning kits. On the other hand, the economic income was 2.3% higher in the rabbits fed with nutritional block. The use of nutritional blocks replaces 17% of commercial feed, which suggests that it is a viable option in feeding rabbits, since it does not affect their weight and that of rabbits, as well as being a cheaper option.En México, derivado del alto costo en los insumos para elaborar alimentos balanceados y concentrados comerciales se deben buscar alternativas y estrategias basadas en el uso de materias primas no convencionales. Se ha propuesto el uso de bloques nutricionales que provean los requerimientos necesarios y que sustituya a los alimentos comerciales y de esta manera aminorar los costos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el consumo de materia seca, ganancia de peso y el ingreso económico en conejas alimentadas con alimento comercial y bloques nutricionales. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar y los promedios de los tratamientos se compararon mediante la prueba de Tukey. Los tratamientos (T) se asignaron al azar a 10 conejas hembras primerizas F1 (Mariposa * Nueva Zelanda, 2.26 kg PV): T1: alimento comercial (Api-Aba®), T2: bloque nutricional. Las evaluaciones incluyeron consumo de materia seca (CMS), ganancia diaria de peso (GDP). Al final del estudio se evaluó el ingreso económico. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que cuando se ofreció el bloque nutricional disminuyo el consumo de alimento 11 y 68 g d-1 (p<0.05) durante la gestación y lactación, respectivamente. No hubo diferencias (p>0.05) en GDP en la etapa de gestación, lactancia ni en los gazapos al destete. Por otro lado, el ingreso económico fue 2.3% mayor en las conejas alimentadas con bloque nutricional. El uso de bloques nutricionales sustituye el 17% de alimento comercial, lo que sugiere que es una opción viable en la alimentación de conejas, debido a que no afecta su peso y el de los gazapos, además de ser una opción más económica.No México, devido ao alto custo dos insumos para preparar rações balanceadas e concentrados comerciais, devem ser buscadas alternativas e estratégias baseadas no uso de matérias-primas não convencionais. Tem sido proposto o uso de blocos nutricionais que forneçam os requisitos necessários e que substituam os alimentos comerciais e, assim, reduzam os custos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o consumo de matéria seca, ganho de peso e rendimento econômico em coelhos alimentados com ração comercial e blocos nutricionais. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e as médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Os tratamentos (T) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 10 coelhas F1 (Butterfly * Nova Zelândia, 2,26 kg PV) estreantes: T1: ração comercial (Api-Aba®), T2: bloco nutricional. As avaliações incluíram consumo de matéria seca (CMS), ganho de peso diário (PIB). Ao final do estudo, avaliou-se o rendimento econômico. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que quando o bloco nutricional foi oferecido, o consumo alimentar diminuiu em 11 e 68 g d-1 (p<0,05) durante a gestação e lactação, respectivamente. Não houve diferenças (p>0,05) no PIB na fase de gestação, lactação ou nos kits de desmame. Por outro lado, o rendimento econômico foi 2,3% maior nos coelhos alimentados com bloco nutricional. A utilização de blocos nutricionais substitui 17% da ração comercial, o que sugere ser uma opção viável na alimentação de coelhos, pois não afeta o peso deles e dos coelhos, além de ser uma opção mais barata

In vitro biogas production and degradations of sheep diets containing Crotalaria or Chipile at two different regrowth ages

Objective: To determine in vitro the biogas production and fermentative characteristics of diets for fattening lambs containing 20% chipile or crotalaria with 30 or 40 d of regrowth. Methodology: The treatments were whole diets containing 20% crotalaria with 30 d (T1) or 40 d of regrowth (T2), as well as 20% chipile with 30 d (T3) or 40 d of regrowth (T4). In vitro gas production was measured at 2, 4, 6, 8, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h; kinetic estimators (A, b, k), dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDFD) and acid detergent fiber (ADFD) degradation, metabolizable energy (ME) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The experimental design was completely randomized. Results: In the accumulated biogas production, T4 presented higher production from 2 to 24 h; T3 and T4 higher at 48 h and T1 higher at 72 h. The kinetic estimators showed that T1 was higher in A and k and T4 was higher in b. T2 presented the lowest DMD, OMD, NDFD, ADFD, ME and SCFA. Limitations of the study: Chipile scale production is limited to produce more biomass, as it is not yet domesticated Conclusions: Sheep diets containing 20% chipile or crotalaria with 30 d of regrowth were shown to be an alternative in the elaboration of whole-grain diets for intensive fattening of lambs in the tropics.Objective: To determine the in vitro biogas production and fermentative characteristics of diets for fattening lambs containing 20% chipile or crotalaria at 30 or 40 d of regrowth.Methodology: The treatments were whole diets containing 20% crotalaria with 30 d (T1) or 40 d of regrowth (T2), as well as 20% chipile with 30 d (T3) or 40 d of regrowth (T4). In vitro gas production was measured at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h and the following elements were determined: kinetic estimators (A, b, k), dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDFD), and acid detergent fiber (ADFD) degradation, metabolizable energy (ME), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). The experimental design was completely randomized.Results: Regarding the accumulated biogas production, T4 presented higher production from 2 to 24 h, T3 and T4 higher at 48 h, and T1 higher at 72 h. Kinetic estimators showed that T1 was higher in A and k and T4 was higher in b. T2 presented the lowest DMD, OMD, NDFD, ADFD, ME, and SCFA.Study Limitations: Scale production of chipile, aimed to obtain a greater biomass volume, is limited since it has not been domesticated yet. Conclusions: Sheep diets containing 20% chipile or crotalaria with 30 d of regrowth have proven to be an alternative for the manufacturing of whole diets for the intensive fattening of lambs in the tropics

Características químicas y fermentativas in vitro de dietas para becerros con inclusiones crecientes de vaina y hojas de Moringa oleifera

Legume leaves and pods are an alternative feed for ruminants in the tropics. The goal of this study was to determine the chemical quality and in vitro fermentative characteristics of Moringa oleifera pods and leaves, with inclusions of 0 %, 10 %, 20 % and 30 % in a complete diet for calves of 200 kg live weight. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), cumulative gas and methane production, DM degradation (DMD) and NDF (NDFD) were determined from the leaves, pods and diets. The variables were analyzed using a completely randomized design (10 replicates). The leaf quantified 229.4, 465.8 and 204.0 g/kg DM, NDF and CP. As well as 662.3 and 688.9 g/kg DM of DMD and NDFD (P < 0.05). The diet with 10% M. oleifera leaf presented 824.9 and 725.5 g/kg DM of DMD and NDFD; as well as 167 and 58 ml/g DM of gas and methane. In conclusion, M. oleifera leaf shows better chemical and fermentative characteristics in vitro and up to 30% M. oleifera leaf can be included in whole-calf diets for calves of 200 kg live weight.Las hojas y las vainas de las leguminosas son una alternativa de alimentación de rumiantes en el trópico. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar las características químicas y fermentativas in vitro de vaina y hoja de Moringa oleifera, con inclusiones de 0 %, 10 %, 20 % y 30 % en una dieta integral para becerros de 200 kg de peso vivo. A las hojas, las vainas y las dietas se les determinó materia seca (ms), proteína cruda (pc), fibra detergente (fdn), producción acumulada de gas y metano, degradación de ms (dmd) y fdn (dfdn). El análisis de las variables fue mediante un diseño completamente al azar (10 repeticiones) y la hoja cuantificó 229,4, 465,8 y 204,0 g/kg ms de ms, fdn y pc, respectivamente. Así como, 662,3 y 688,9 g/kg de ms de dms y dfdn (P < 0,05). La dieta con 10 % de hoja de M. oleifera presentó 824,9 y 725,5 g/kg de ms de dmd y dfdn, así como 167 y 58 ml/g ms de gas y metano. En conclusión, la hoja de M. oleifera muestra mejores características químicas y fermentativas in vitro y se puede incluir hasta 30 % de hoja de M. oleifera en dietas integrales para becerros de 200 kg de peso vivo

Fermentação in vitro de um suplemento com níveis crescentes de vagens maduras de alfarroba (Samanea saman)

Abstract Tree legume pods are characterized by their protein content; increasing protein in a supplement with tree legumes is an alternative to improve the productive parameters of ruminants. The objective was to evaluate in vitro biogas fermentation variables, kinetic estimators (A, b, and k), dry matter degradation (DMS) and detergent neutral fiber (DFDN) of a supplement with 0, 10, 20 and 30% inclusion of mature carob pods. The biodigester (120 mL serological vials) contained: 0.5 g of one type of supplement, 40 mL of culture medium and 10 mL of fresh rumen fluid (inoculum). The vials were incubated at 39 °C for 72 h. The experimental design was completely randomized. T20 presented higher biogas production at 12 and 24 h; whereas, at 48 and 72 h were T0 and T20. T20 was higher for A, T0 and T10 lower for k and T0 lower for b (p<0.05). pH and DMS showed no differences between treatments (p>0.05). The DFDN showed a tendency to decrease as the carob pod increased. It is concluded that the inclusion of 20% of mature carob pods in a supplement can be used as a feeding strategy in ruminants. Key words: Tree legume, fermentation, biogas, DMS, DFDN, carob.Las vainas de leguminosas arbóreas se caracterizan por su alto contenido de proteína, el aumento de proteína en un suplemento mediante leguminosas arbóreas es una alternativa para mejorar los parámetros productivos de rumiantes. El objetivo fue evaluar las variables de la fermentación in vitro un suplemento con 0, 10, 20 y 30% de inclusión de vainas maduras de algarrobo. El biodigestor (viales serológicos de 120 mL) contenía: 0.5 g de un tipo de suplemento, 40 mL de medio de cultivo y 10 mL de fluido ruminal fresco (inóculo). Los viales se incubaron a 39 °C por 72 h. El diseño experimental fue un completamente al azar. T20 presentó mayor producción de biogás a 12 y 24 h; mientras, a las 48 y 72 h fueron T0 y T20. T20 fue mayor para A, T0 y T10 menores para k y T0 menor para b (p<0.05). pH y DMS no mostraron diferencias entre tratamientos (p>0.05). LA DFDN mostró tendencia a disminuir conforme aumento la vaina de algarrobo. Se concluye, la inclusión de 20% de vaina madura de algarrobo en un suplemento, es posible utilizarse como una estrategia de alimentación en rumiantes. Palabras clave: Leguminosa arbórea, fermentación, biogás, DMS, DFDN, algarrobo.As vagens das leguminosas arbóreas, a alfarrobeira (Samanea saman) caracterizam-se pelo seu elevado teorproteico. O aumento de proteína em um suplemento por meio de leguminosas arbóreas é uma alternativa para melhorar os parâmetros produtivos de ruminantes. O objetivo foi avaliar as variáveis de fermentação in vitro do biogás, estimadores cinéticos (A= potencial de produção de biogás, b= lag time ou eficiência microbiana e k= taxa constante de produção de biogás de material potencialmente degradável), degradação da matéria seca (DMS) e degradação da fibra em detergente neutro (DFDN) de um suplemento com 0, 10, 20 e 30% de inclusão de alfarroba madura. O biodigestor (frascos sorológicos de 120 mL) continha: 0,5 g de um tipo de suplemento, 40 mL de meio de cultura e 10 mL de fluido ruminal fresco (inóculo). Os frascos foram incubados a 39 °C por 72 h. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado. T20 apresentou maior produção de biogás em 12 e 24 h; enquanto, às 48 e 72 h, foram T0 e T20. T20 foi maior para A, T0 e T10 menores para k e T0 menor para b (p<0,05). O pH e o DMS não apresentaram diferenças entre os tratamentos (p>0,05). O DFDN mostrou uma tendência de diminuir à medida que a alfarrobeira aumentava.Conclui-se que a inclusão de 20% de alfarroba madura em um suplemento pode ser utilizada como estratégia alimentar em ruminantes

Fermentación in vitro de consorcios bacterianos celulolíticos ruminales de búfalos de agua en sustratos fibrosos

Objetivo. Determinar las variables fermentativas in vitro de un consorcio bacteriano celulolítico (CBC) aislado de una búfala de agua en cocultivo con bacterias ruminales totales (BRT) en sustratos fibrosos. Materiales y métodos. Un CBC se aisló de fluido ruminal de una búfala de agua en medios selectivos celulolíticos. El diseño experimental fue un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 3x2, los factores fueron tratamientos [BRT, CBC y un cocultivo (BRT + CBC)] y sustratos (pasto pangola y rastrojo de maíz). La producción de gas total y metano (CH4) se midieron a diferentes intervalos de tiempo. Además, se estimó pH, nitrógeno amoniacal (N-NH3), degradación de materia seca (DMS) y de fibra detergente neutro (DFDN), y la población de bacterias totales a 72 h de incubación. Resultados. El cocultivo produjo mayor (p≤0.05) cantidad de gas a las 3, 6 y 24 h en ambos sustratos. A las 48 y 72 h, el cocultivo produjo mayor (p≤0.05) gas en pasto cobra. El cocultivo y las BRT no presentaron diferencias (p>0.05) en la producción de CH4 a 48 y 72 h, y en DMS y DFDN (p>0.05). En el pasto cobra, la concentración de N-NH3 con el cocultivo fue mayor (p≤0.05) que con BRT. Conclusión La producción de gas y degradación de materia seca de los consorcios bacterianos celulolíticos procedentes del rumen de una búfala de agua muestran que son una alternativa para mejorar la fermentación de carbohidratos estructurales del pasto cobra cuando se cocultivan con bacterias ruminales bovinas

Fermentation kinetics and in vitro degradation of three native creeping legumes of the municipality of Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la cinética de fermentación y la degradación in vitro de tres leguminosas nativas del municipio de Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero. Los sustratos fueron vainas, hojas y planta completa de centrosema (Centrosema plumiere), frijolillo (Phaseolus lunatus var. silvester) y frijolillo-tamarindo (Phaseolus lunatus). Los biodigestores contenían 0.5 g de un sustrato y 50 ml de medio de cultivo. Los biodigestores se incubaron en baño maría a 39 °C por 72 h. La producción de gas se midió a las 0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48 y 72 h. La producción de gas se usó para obtener los parámetros volumen máximo (Vm), tasa de producción de gas (S) y tiempo lag (λ). La degradación de la materia seca (DEGMS) y degradación de la fibra detergente neutra (DEGFDN) se determinaron por diferencia de peso. El análisis estadístico fue un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 3x3. La vaina de centrosema produjo el mayor Vm, la hoja de centrosema y vaina de frijolillo-tamarindo la mayor S, la hoja, planta y vaina de centrosema el menor λ, la vaina de centrosema la mayor DEGMS y DEGFDN. La hoja de centrosema presentó mayor Vm y S, así como menor λ que las hojas de frijolillo y frijolillo-tamarindo. La vaina de centrosema mostró mayor Vm, DEGMS y DEGFDN; además, menor λ que las vainas de frijolillo y frijolillo-tamarindo (pThe objective was to evaluate the fermentation kinetics and the in vitro degradation of the physiological parts of three native legumes of the municipality of Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero. The substrates were pods, leaves and complete plant of centrosema (Centrosema plumiere), bean (Phaseolus lunatus var. silvester) and bean-tamarind (Phaseolus lunatus). The biodigestor contained 0.5 g of a substrate and 50 ml of culture medium. The biodigestor were incubated in a water bath at 39 °C for 72 h. Gas production was measured at 0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h. The gas production was used to obtain the parameters maximum volume (mV), rate of gas production (S) and time lag (λ). Dry matter degradation (DEGDM) and degradation of the neutral detergent fibre (DEGNDF) were determined by weight difference. The statistical analysis was a completely randomized design within a 3x3 factorial arrangement. The centrosema pod produced the higher mV, the centroid leaf and bean-tamarind pod the higher S, the leaf, plant and pod of centrosema the less λ, the pod of centrosema the higher DEGDM and DEGNDF. The centrosema leaf presented higher mV and S and less λ than the leaves of bean and bean-tamarind. The centroid sheath showed higher mV, DEGDM and DEGNDF and less λ than the bean and bean-tamarind pods (p<0.05). It is concluded that the evaluated components of the native creeping legume Centrosema plumiere presented better nutritional response in the in vitro evaluation than the other legumes

Productive response of creole lambs fed integral diets with Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. pods

Objective: To evaluate the productive variables and the digestibility of the nutrients of an integral diet for lambs with increasing inclusion of Samanea saman pods. Design/methodology/approach: 24 creole lambs (initial weight of 20.6 ± 0.3 kg) distributed in a completely randomized experimental design were used. The treatments were: T1, 0%, T2, 12.5%, and T3, 25% of Samanea saman pod inclusion. The productive variables and the digestibility of the nutrients were evaluated and compared with the Tukey test (? = 0.05); meanwhile, the response to the increasing content of Samanea saman was evaluated by orthogonal contrasts. The variables dry matter intake (DMI), daily weight gain (DWG) and feed conversion (FC) showed no differences (p > 0.05) between treatments. Results: Dry matter digestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) increased (p <0.05) linearly, with increasing pod content. The digestibility of the neutral detergent fiber (DNDF) and acid (DADF) decreased (p < 0.05) linearly as the inclusion of Samanea saman pod increased in the diets. Limitations on study/implications: The substitution of soybean pulp by Samanea saman pod in integral diets does not affect the productive response of fattening lambs. Findings/conclusions: The use of S. saman pod is proposed as a regionally available food alternative in the feeding of ruminants in the tropics

Chemical composition and in vitro degradations of pods and leaves of legumes trees of Mexican dry tropic

Las vainas y las hojas de leguminosas arbóreas se usan como suplemento alimenticio para disminuir las deficiencias de nitrógeno que presentan los pastos en el trópico seco. El objetivo fue caracterizar la composición química y las degradaciones in vitro de las vainas de Leucaena leucocephala, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Samanea saman, Acacia cochliacantha, Guazuma ulmifolia y las hojas de L. leucocephala y G. ulmifolia. Se determinó el contenido de materia seca, proteína cruda (PC), cenizas, fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), ácidos grasos volátiles, concentración de bacterias totales, degradación de materia seca (DEGMS) y degradación de fibra detergente neutro (DEGFDN). El análisis estadístico fue un diseño completamente al azar. La vaina de E. cyclocarpum (19.50 %), la vaina (19.83 %) y la hoja (21.57 %) de L. leucocephala tuvieron los mayores contenidos de PC. La vaina de E. cyclocarpum presentó 28.38 % de FDN. La hoja de L. leucocephala (24.22 %) y las vainas de S. saman (25.06 %) y E. cyclocarpum (20.40 %) presentaron los menores contenidos de FDA (P<0.05). Las vainas de E. cyclocarpum (73.06 y 38.68 %) y S. saman (66.01 y 35.86 %) cuantificaron las mayores (P<0.05) DEGMS y DEGFDN. Por tanto, las vainas de E. cyclocarpum y S. saman son una alternativa viable para la alimentación de rumiantes en el trópico seco dadas sus características químicas y fermentativas.Pods and leaves of legumes trees are used as feed supplements, these are used to diminish the deficiency of nitrogen present in pastures in the dry tropic. The objective was to characterize the chemical composition and the in vitro degradations of pods of Leucaena leucocephala, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Samanea saman, Acacia cochliacantha, Guazuma ulmifolia and leaves of L. leucocephala and G. ulmifolia. Dry matter, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), dry matter degradation (DMDEG), neutral detergent fiber degradation (NDFDEG), volatile fatty acids, ashes and total concentration of bacteria, were determined. The experimental design was completely randomized. The pod of E. cyclocarpum (19.50 %), the pods (19.83 %) and leaves (21.57 %) of L. Leucocephala had the highest content of CP. The E. cyclocarpum pod presented 28.38 % of NDF. The leaf of L. leucocephala (24.22 %) and the pods of S. saman (25.06 %) and E. cyclocarpum (20.40 %) had the lowest contents of ADF (P<0.05). E. cyclocarpum (73.06 and 38.68 %) and S. saman (66.01 and 35.86 %) pods quantified the highest DMDEG and NDFDEG (P<0.05). Therefore, the pods of E. cyclocarpum and S. saman are a viable alternative for feeding ruminants in the dry tropic given their chemical and fermentative characteristics

Evaluación de las características de calidad, bromatológicas y fermentativas in vitro a diferentes tiempos de fermentación láctica de ensilados de mango maduro

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality, bromatological and in vitro fermentation characteristics of ripe mango silage between 28 and 168 days of lactic fermentation (LF). The silos in bags (20 kg) were made with 80.64% mango, 11.38% pangola grass, 4.55% corn stubble, 2.04% molasses and 1.36% urea. The opening time of the silos was at 28 (T1), 44 (T2), 97 (T3), 113 (T4), 126 (T5), 140 (T6), 154 (T7) and 168 (T8) d of LF. It was determined pH, lactic acid, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), hemicellulose, biogas and methane (CH4) production, ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3), pH of the medium, total bacteria count, dry matter degradation (DMD) and neutral detergent fibre degradation (NDFD). The statistical analysis was under a completely randomized design. The content of DM, pH, ADF and hemicellulose did not show differences by FL time of the silage (p&gt;0.05). T2 presented higher lactic acid content, without differences with T1, T3 and T4 (p&gt;0.05). T1 showed higher CP content than T2, T4 and T6 (p&lt;0.05); without differences with the rest of the treatments (p&gt;0.05). The accumulated biogas production was not affected by the FL time of the silage (p&gt;0.05). CH4 production after 72 h of incubation was lower for T4, without differences with T1, T3 and T5 (p&gt;0.05). The highest DMD was for T1, T2, T3, T7 and T8 (p&lt;0.05). The lowest NDFD was for T4 and T5 (p&lt;0.05). Under these conditions, it is concluded that ripe mango silages can be lactic fermented for up to 168 days without affecting their in vitro quality, bromatological and fermentative characteristics.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las características de calidad, bromatológicas y fermentativas in vitro de ensilados de mango maduro entre 28 y 168 días de fermentación láctica (FL). Los silos en bolsa (20 kg) se elaboraron con 80.64% de mango, 11.38% de pasto pangola, 4.55% de rastrojo de maíz, 2.04% de melaza y 1.36% de urea. El tiempo de apertura de los silos fue a los 28 (T1), 44 (T2), 97 (T3), 113 (T4), 126 (T5), 140 (T6), 154 (T7) y 168 (T8) d de FL. Se determinó pH, ácido láctico, materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulosa, producción de biogás y metano (CH4), nitrógeno amoniacal (N-NH3), pH del medio, conteo de bacterias totales, degradación de la materia seca (DMS) y degradación de la fibra detergente neutro (DFDN). El análisis estadístico fue un diseño completamente al azar. El contenido de MS, pH, FDA y hemicelulosa no mostraron diferencias por el tiempo de FL (p&gt;0.05). T2 presentó mayor contenido de ácido láctico, sin diferencias con T1, T3 y T4 (p&gt;0.05). T1 mostró mayor contenido de PC que T2, T4 y T6 (p&lt;0.05), sin diferencias con el resto de los tratamientos (p&gt;0.05). La producción de biogás acumulado no se afectó con el tiempo de FL del ensilado (p&gt;0.05). La producción de CH4 a las 72 h de incubación fue menor para T4, sin diferencias con T1, T3 y T5 (p&gt;0.05). La mayor DMS fue para T1, T2, T3, T7 y T8 (p&lt;0.05). La menor DFDN fue para T4 y T5 (p&lt;0.05). Bajo estas condiciones se concluye que el ensilado de mango maduro puede fermentarse lácticamente hasta por 168 días sin que se afecten sus características de calidad, bromatológicas y fermentativas in vitro

Efecto prebiótico de dos fuentes de inulina en el crecimiento in vitro de Lactobacillus salivarius y Enterococcus faecium

Diarrhea in livestock species is controlled with antibiotics, but its inadequate use causes bacterial resistance. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the intestinal microbiota have competitive exclusion against pathogens causing diarrhea, and inulin is a substrate for LAB. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the prebiotic effect of two inulin sources on in vitro growth of Lactobacillus salivarius (Ls) and Enterococcus faecium (Ef), with the use of Lactobacillus casei (Lc) as a positive control. In vitro incubations were performed at 37 °C, with glucose substitution by inulin of chicory (IAc) or agave (IAg) in MRS medium. The treatments (T) evaluated were T1: MRS-glucose+Lc; T2: MRS-IAc+Ls, T4: MRS-IAc+Ef, T5: MRS-IAg+Lc, T6: MRS-IAg+Ls and T7: MRS-IAg+Ef. The curve and the growth rate were determined by optical density (630 nm) at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, 54 and 60 h. A completely randomized design was used and the Tukey test for means comparison. MRS-IAg treatments showed higher (P<0.05) growth rates (0.51a, 0.50a and 0.50a h-1, T5, T6 and T7, respectively) and were similar to the positive control (T2) when grown in MRS- IAc (0.48a h-1). The positive control (T1) had a low growth rate (0.34b h-1) when the medium included glucose (MRS-glucose). pH during growth was different between treatments (P<0.05). Agave inulin favors the growth of probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus salivarius and Enterococcus faecium, and its prebiotic effect is better than chicory inulin.Las diarreas en especies pecuarias son controladas con antibióticos, pero su uso inadecuado causa problemas de resistencia bacteriana. Las bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) en la microbiota intestinal ejercen exclusión competitiva contra patógenos causantes de diarreas, y la inulina es un sustrato para las BAL. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto prebiótico de dos fuentes de inulina en el crecimiento in vitro de Lactobacillus salivarius (Ls) y Enterococcus faecium (Ef), con el uso de Lactobacillus casei (Lc) como control positivo. Las incubaciones in vitro se realizaron a 37 °C, con sustitución de glucosa por inulina de achicoria (IAc) o de agave (IAg) en el medio MRS. Los tratamientos (T) evaluados fueron T1: MRS-glucosa+Lc; T2: MRS-IAc+Lc, T3: MRS-IAc+Ls, T4: MRS-IAc+Ef, T5: MRS-IAg+Lc, T6: MRS-IAg+Ls y T7: MRS-IAg+Ef. La curva y la tasa de crecimiento se determinaron mediante densidad óptica (630 nm) a las 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, 54 y 60 h. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar, los datos se analizaron con PROC GLM (SAS) y la comparación de medias se realizó mediante la prueba de Tukey. Los tratamientos con MRS-IAg mostraron mayores (P<0.05) tasas de crecimiento (0.51a, 0.50a y 0.50a h-1, T5, T6 y T7, respectivamente) y resultaron similares al control positivo (T2) cuando creció en MRS-IAc (0.48a h-1). El pH durante el crecimiento fue diferente entre tratamientos (P<0.05). La inulina de agave favorece el crecimiento de bacterias probióticas como Lactobacillus salivarius y Enterococcus faecium, y su efecto prebiótico supera a la inulina de achicoria