On the high scientific quality of early research on strain and deformation fabrics (1835-1908)

High-quality research developed during the 19th century established the foundations of rock strain investigations. Careful observation and description of rock fabrics and deformed objects in rocks allowed early researchers to obtain mathematical expressions that are still used today to quantify strain. Thus, in a span of a few decades, and applying basic scientific methodology, these researchers developed the concept of the strain ellipsoid, defined mathematically the difference between constant-volume and volume-loss deformation, constructed the basic equations that define pure and simple shear deformation, and discovered the mechanism of pressure-solution deformation. These advances were fundamental to seminal works on strain analysis and deformation fabrics in the mid-20th century. However, they are rarely addressed in modern studies, which suggests a lack of awareness among current researchers. In order to bring attention to these landmarks of strain research, I provide a historical review of the high standards of analysis that led to the definition of the fundamental equations and concepts on strain during the 19th century.Fil: Torres Carbonell, Pablo Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentin

Estratigrafía y arquitectura depositacional de la Formación Viamonte, Mioceno, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina: interacción entre sistemas depositacionales marinos profundos transversales y longitudinales

Los depósitos miocenos de la Formación Viamonte, cuenca de antepaís Austral, costa atlántica de Tierra del Fuego, fueron interpretados como complejos de canal-albardón marinos profundos. Nuevos datos de facies sedimentarias, paleocorrientes y relaciones estratigráficas evidencian, sin embargo, paleoambientes más complejos. En este trabajo se reconocen en la Formación Viamonte tres elementos arquitecturales mayores: 1) un sistema transversal, cárcavas (gullies) y otros depósitos de talud depositacional (clinoformas), que incluye depósitos axiales, laterales/marginales y abandono de cárcava, como sub-elementos; 2) un sistema axial, faja de canales, que incluye depósitos de relleno de canal, acreción lateral, albardones internos/terrazas, y depósitos de deslizamientos basales, como sub-elementos; y 3) otro sistema axial, albardón externo. Las cárcavas del sistema transversal están incisas en albardones externos de la Formación Viamonte o en depósitos de lóbulos más antiguos. Las facies sedimentarias más comunes son depósitos de remoción en masa en el relleno de cárcavas; turbiditas delgadas en los albardones externo, interno y terrazas; y turbi ditas arenosas de alta densidad en el relleno de canales. Las paleocorrientes están dirigidas hacia el NO-NE, pendiente abajo de las clinoformas, en el sistema transversal y hacia el SE, paralelas a la antefosa, en el sistema axial. Los sistemas axiales se localizan en la base o en quiebres de pendiente de las clinoformas transversales. La arquitectura depositacional interpretada para estos sistemas transversales y axiales constituye un excelente análogo en depósitos turbidíticos semejantes del Cretácico Superior-Paleógeno de la Cuenca Austral y puede facilitar la interpretación del origen y dispersión sedimentaria de depósitos arenosos en la adyacente cuenca de antepaís Malvinas.Miocene, foreland Austral basin strata of the Viamonte Formation in the Atlantic coast of Tierra del Fuego are currently interpreted as deep marine channel-levee complexes. New data on sedimentary facies, paleocurrents, and stratigraphic relationships documents, however, more complex settings. We recognize in the Viamonte Formation three higher-rank architectural elements: 1) a transverse system of gullies and other slope deposits, including gully axis, gully off-axis/gully margin, and slope-gully abandonment sub-elements; 2) an axial system, the channel belt, including channel fill, lateral accretion, internal-levee/terrace, and basal slumps sub-elements; and 3) another axial system, the external levee. Gullies in the transverse system are carved into external-levee deposits of the Viamonte Formation or older lobe deposits. Dominant sedimentary facies are mass transport deposits in the gully fill; thin-bedded turbidites in the external levee, internal levee, and terraces; and thick, high-density turbidite sandstones in the channel fill. In the transverse system, paleocurrents are directed to the NW-NE, down dip high-relief progradational clinoforms, and in the axial systems to the SE, parallel to the basin foredeep. Axial systems are located either at the base, or at subtle slope-breaks of transverse clinoforms. The envisaged depositional architectures of these axial and transverse systems offer excellent analogues for similar, poorly exposed Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene Austral basin turbidites and may help to interpret the source and routing of sand-rich deposits in the adjacent Malvinas foreland basin.Fil: Olivero, Eduardo Bernardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego; ArgentinaFil: Torres Carbonell, Pablo Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentin

Evaluation of strain and structural style variations along the strike of the Fuegian thrust-fold belt front, Argentina

The Fuegian thrust-fold belt (TFB) forms the thin-skinned outer wedge of the Andes in Tierra del Fuego. Using subsurface and outcrop data from two areas (Western and Eastern) of the TFB front in Argentina we aimed to verify and characterize the apparent structural variations along the strike. Both areas reveal pro- and retro-vergent faultrelated folds detached at similar horizons, with a youngest early to middle (?) Miocene deformation age. However, the Western Area has gentle, large-wavelength folds whereas the Eastern Area is characterized by a very tight structural geometry, with closer fold geometries. This difference manifests itself in the shortening of analogous structures: below 5.5% in the west as against ~22% in the Eastern Area. Our findings verify structural style variations along the strike and suggest that the Eastern Area endured higher strain. We evaluate two possible causes of this strain gradient, assuming homogeneous regional shortening: (i) lateral rheological variations at the base of the thrust wedge, namely the occurrence of more competent beds which would have restrained the propagation of the detachment toward the east; and (ii) the effect of strong buttressing in the eastern TFB exerted by the Río Chico arch basement promontory during deformation. Published results, together with our current subsurface and outcrop data, rule out significant rheological gradients in a preferred direction along the TFB. On the other hand, we present evidence of the nucleation of frontal thrusts above basement steps at the Río Chico arch western margin, which comprise local buttresses. We speculate that this buttressing was mantained along the TFB front and is enhanced toward the east, where forward TFB propagation was hindered due to the southern projection of the Río Chico promontory. This would explain the higher strain and more complex structural style in the Eastern AreaEvaluación de variaciones en el grado de deformación y el estilo estructural a lo largo del frente de la faja corrida y plegada Fueguina, Argentina. La faja corrida y plegada Fueguina (FCP) comprende el cinturón de piel fina en el antepaís de los Andes en Tierra del Fuego. Con la finalidad de verificar y caracterizar posibles variaciones estructurales a lo largo del frente de la FCP en Argentina, hemos analizado datos de subsuelo y superficie en dos áreas (occidental y oriental). Ambas revelan pliegues relacionados con fallas, tanto provergentes como retrovergentes, que despegan en niveles similares, y tienen una edad mínima miocena temprana a media (?). Sin embargo, en el área occidental el plegamiento es suave y de alta longitud de onda mientras que en el área oriental la estructura es muy apretada, con pliegues más cerrados. Esta diferencia se manifiesta al comparar el acortamiento en estructuras análogas: menor a 5,5% en el oeste contra ~22% en el área oriental. Por lo tanto, queda verificada la existencia de variaciones en el estilo estructural a lo largo del rumbo, y se pone en evidencia que el área oriental fue sometida a mayor deformación. Evaluamos dos causas posibles para este gradiente de deformación, asumiendo una magnitud de acortamiento regional homogénea: (i) variaciones laterales en la reología de la base de la FCP, por ejemplo capas más competentes hacia el este que podrían haber dificultado la propagación del despegue en ese sector, y (ii) una fuerte obstaculización al avance de la FCP en el este, ejercida por el promontorio de basamento del Arco Río Chico. La información publicada previamente, así como los datos de este trabajo, descartan un gradiente reológico significativos en una dirección preferencial a lo largo de la FCP. Al contrario, nuestros datos evidencian localización de corrimientos frontales sobre escalones en el basamento del Arco Río Chico en el área occidental, que localmente obstaculizan el avance de la deformación. Especulamos con que este efecto obstaculizador se mantuvo a lo largo del frente de la FCP, con mayor intensidad hacia el este, donde el avance de la FCP fue restringido por la proyección austral del arco Río Chico. De esta manera se puede explicar la mayor deformación y el estilo estructural más complejo en el área oriental.Fil: Torres Carbonell, Pablo Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina;Fil: Dimieri, Luis Vicente. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Geológico del Sur; Argentina;Fil: Olivero, Eduardo Bernardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina

Structural and petrographic constraints on the stratigraphy of the Lapataia Formation, with implications for the tectonic evolution of the Fuegian Andes

The structure of the Fuegian Andes central belt is characterized by a first phase of peak metamorphism and ductile deformation, followed by a brittle-ductile thrusting phase including juxtaposition of different (first phase) structural levels; both related to the closure and inversion of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Rocas Verdes basin. The second phase involved thrust sheets of pre-Jurassic basement, as well as Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous units from the volcanic-sedimentary fill of the basin. Rock exposures in the Parque Nacional Tierra del Fuego reveal a diversity of metamorphic mineral assemblages, dynamic recrystallization grades and associated structures, evidencing a variety of protoliths and positions in the crust during their orogenic evolution. Among the units present in this sector, the Lapataia Formation portrays the higher metamorphic grade reported in the Argentine side of the Fuegian Andes, and since no precise radiometric ages have been established to date, its stratigraphic position remains a matter of debate: the discussion being whether it belongs to the pre-Jurassic basement, or the Upper Jurassic volcanic/volcaniclastic initial fill of the Rocas Verdes basin. The mapping and petrographic/microstructural study of the Lapataia Formation and those of undoubtedly Mesozoic age, allow to characterize the former as a group of rocks with great lithological affinity with the Upper Jurassic metamorphic rocks found elsewhere in the central belt of the Fuegian Andes. The main differences in metamorphic grade are indebted to its deformation at deeper crustal levels, but during the same stages than the Mesozoic rocks. Accordingly, we interpret the regional structure to be associated with the stacking of thrust sheets from different structural levels through the emplacement of a duplex system during the growth of the Fuegian Andes.Fil: Cao, Sebastián José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego. Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Recursos Naturales y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Torres Carbonell, Pablo Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Dimieri, Luis Vicente. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Geológico del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología. Instituto Geológico del Sur; Argentin

El Paleoceno-Mioceno de Península Mitre: antefosa y depocentro de techo de cuña de la cuenca Austral, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

El sistema de cuenca de antepaís Austral-Malvinas adyacente al orógeno Fueguino comprende sedimentitas marinas expuestas en el norte de Península Mitre, incluyendo 550 m de la antefosa del Paleoceno tardío-Eoceno temprano, y más de 2.900 m de la subcuenca María Luisa, depocentro de techo de cuña (wedge-top) del Eoceno medio tardío-Mioceno. La columna se subdivide en las formaciones La Barca (100 m, Paleoceno superior), Punta Noguera (450 m, Eoceno inferior), Leticia (30 m, Eoceno medio superior), Cerro Colorado (935 m, Eoceno medio superior-Eoceno superior), Puesto José (nom. nov., 1.600 m, Oligoceno) y Malengüena (nom. nov., 216 m, Mioceno). La microfauna de la Formación Malengüena se distingue por el dominio de Globocassidulina cf. brocha, y por su peculiar preservación, ambas características no reconocidas previamente en la porción argentina de la cuenca Austral. Se verifican discordancias sintectónicas entre el límite Paleoceno-Eoceno y el Eoceno medio, asociadas a una etapa de orogénesis regional: en el Eoceno más alto-Oligoceno basal, relacionada localmente con el anticlinal Campo del Medio; en el Oligoceno medio, asociada al retrocorrimiento Malengüena; y en el Mioceno inferior, relacionada con estructuras profundas de la faja corrida y plegada.The orogenic margin of the Austral-Malvinas foreland basin system is formed by a marine succession exposed at northern Península Mitre, composed of 550 m of the late Paleocene-early Eocene foredeep, and more than 2,900 m of the late middle Eocene-?Miocene María Luisa wedge-top sub-basin. The succession is subdivided in the following formations: La Barca (100 m, upper Paleocene), Punta Noguera (450 m, lower Eocene), Leticia (30 m, upper middle Eocene), Cerro Colorado (935 m, upper middle Eocene-upper Eocene), Puesto José (nom. nov, 1,600 m, Oligocene) and Malengüena (nom. nov, 216 m, Miocene). The foraminiferal content of the Malengüena Formation is distinguished by the dominance of Globocassidulina cf. brocha, and by its particular preservation, features not previously recognized in the Argentinean part of the Austral Basin. Syntectonic unconformities are recognized between the Paleocene-Eocene boundary and the middle Eocene, related to regional orogénesis; in the uppermost Eocene-lowermost Oligocene, locally related to the Campo del Medio anticline; in the 'mid' Oligocene, associated with the Malengüena backthrust; and in the lower Miocene, related to deep structures of the thrust-fold belt.Fil: Torres Carbonell, Pablo Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Malumian, Norberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Secretaría de Industria y Minería. Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino; ArgentinaFil: Olivero, Eduardo Bernardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentin

The Fuegian thrust-fold belt: From arc-continent collision to thrust-related deformation in the southernmost Andes

New detailed structural data from the Fuegian Andes including new ages and cross-cutting relationships with intrusive rocks, as well as an appraisal of published structural data, support that this orogen evolved as a basement-involved thrust-fold belt after initial formation in an arc-continent collision scenario. New structural data from a deformed 84 Ma intrusive indicate that structures from the collisional event in the Argentine Fuegian Andes are of Campanian age, comprising only the youngest and less intense deformation of the orogenic wedge. In the internal thrust-fold belt, these structures are cut by intrusives with new ages of 74 Ma (Ar/Ar on hornblende). The superposition of thrusts on these early structures indicates a subsequent event in which a thrust-fold belt formed since the Maastrichtian-Danian. Additional new data confirm brittle-ductile thrusting in the central belt, with thrusts joining a common upper detachment in the base of the Lower Cretaceous rocks. These thrusts formed a first-order duplex system that transferred the shortening accommodated in the foreland until the Miocene.Fil: Torres Carbonell, Pablo Juan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Cao, Sebastián José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambientales y Recursos Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez Guillot, Mauricio Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambientales y Recursos Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Mosqueira González, María Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Dimieri, Luis Vicente. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Geológico del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología. Instituto Geológico del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Duval, Florian. Université d´Orléans; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: Scaillet, Stéphane. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Franci

Identification of a missense mutation in the MADS-box gene VviAGL11 responsible for table grape seedlessness

Trabajo presentado a la XXIII Reunión Bianual de la Sociedad Española de Fisiología Vegetal y al XVI Congreso Hispano-Luso de Fisiología Vegetal, celebrados en Pamplona (España) del 26 al 28 de junio de 2019

Effect of viral storm in patients admitted to intensive care units with severe COVID-19 in Spain: a multicentre, prospective, cohort study

Background: The contribution of the virus to the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 is still unclear. We aimed to evaluate associations between viral RNA load in plasma and host response, complications, and deaths in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Methods: We did a prospective cohort study across 23 hospitals in Spain. We included patients aged 18 years or older with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were admitted to an intensive care unit between March 16, 2020, and Feb 27, 2021. RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid region 1 (N1) was quantified in plasma samples collected from patients in the first 48 h following admission, using digital PCR. Patients were grouped on the basis of N1 quantity: VIR-N1-Zero (2747 N1 copies per mL). The primary outcome was all-cause death within 90 days after admission. We evaluated odds ratios (ORs) for the primary outcome between groups using a logistic regression analysis. Findings: 1068 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 117 had insufficient plasma samples and 115 had key information missing. 836 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 403 (48%) were in the VIR-N1-Low group, 283 (34%) were in the VIR-N1-Storm group, and 150 (18%) were in the VIR-N1-Zero group. Overall, patients in the VIR-N1-Storm group had the most severe disease: 266 (94%) of 283 patients received invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), 116 (41%) developed acute kidney injury, 180 (65%) had secondary infections, and 148 (52%) died within 90 days. Patients in the VIR-N1-Zero group had the least severe disease: 81 (54%) of 150 received IMV, 34 (23%) developed acute kidney injury, 47 (32%) had secondary infections, and 26 (17%) died within 90 days (OR for death 0·30, 95% CI 0·16-0·55; p<0·0001, compared with the VIR-N1-Storm group). 106 (26%) of 403 patients in the VIR-N1-Low group died within 90 days (OR for death 0·39, 95% CI 0·26-0·57; p<0·0001, compared with the VIR-N1-Storm group). Interpretation: The presence of a so-called viral storm is associated with increased all-cause death in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe COVID-19. Preventing this viral storm could help to reduce poor outcomes. Viral storm could be an enrichment marker for treatment with antivirals or purification devices to remove viral components from the blood.This work was supported by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FONDO-COVID19, COV20/00110, CIBERES, 06/06/0028; AT), Proyectos de Investigación en Salud (PI19/00590; JFB-M), Miguel Servet (CP20/00041; DdG-C), Sara Borrell (CD018/0123; APT), and Predoctorales de Formación en Investigación en Salud (FI20/00278; AdF). We also received funds from Programa de Donaciones Estar Preparados, UNESPA (Madrid, Spain), and from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR OV2–170357; DJK and JFB-M), Research Nova Scotia, Li-Ka Shing Foundation (DJK), and finally by a Research Grant 2020 from ESCMID (APT). COV20/00110, PI19/00590, CP20/00041, CD018/0123, FI20/00278 were co-funded by European Regional Development Fund and European Social Fund (A way to make Europe, and Investing in your future). We thank the IRB-Lleida Biobank 119 (B.0000682) and Plataforma Biobancos PT17/0015/0027 in Lleida, the Hospital Clinic Barcelona (HCB)-IDIBAPS biobank in Barcelona, and the National DNA Bank and the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca biobank (both in Salamanca) for their logistical support with sample processing and storage. We are indebted to the Fundació Glòria Soler for its contribution and support to the COVIDBANK of HCBIDIBAPS Biobank. This work was not supported by any pharmaceutical company or other agency.S

Effect of viral storm in patients admitted to intensive care units with severe COVID-19 in Spain: a multicentre, prospective, cohort study

Background: The contribution of the virus to the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 is still unclear. We aimed to evaluate associations between viral RNA load in plasma and host response, complications, and deaths in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Methods: We did a prospective cohort study across 23 hospitals in Spain. We included patients aged 18 years or older with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were admitted to an intensive care unit between March 16, 2020, and Feb 27, 2021. RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid region 1 (N1) was quantified in plasma samples collected from patients in the first 48 h following admission, using digital PCR. Patients were grouped on the basis of N1 quantity: VIR-N1-Zero ([removed]2747 N1 copies per mL). The primary outcome was all-cause death within 90 days after admission. We evaluated odds ratios (ORs) for the primary outcome between groups using a logistic regression analysis. Findings: 1068 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 117 had insufficient plasma samples and 115 had key information missing. 836 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 403 (48%) were in the VIR-N1-Low group, 283 (34%) were in the VIR-N1-Storm group, and 150 (18%) were in the VIR-N1-Zero group. Overall, patients in the VIR-N1-Storm group had the most severe disease: 266 (94%) of 283 patients received invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), 116 (41%) developed acute kidney injury, 180 (65%) had secondary infections, and 148 (52%) died within 90 days. Patients in the VIR-N1-Zero group had the least severe disease: 81 (54%) of 150 received IMV, 34 (23%) developed acute kidney injury, 47 (32%) had secondary infections, and 26 (17%) died within 90 days (OR for death 0·30, 95% CI 0·16–0·55; p<0·0001, compared with the VIR-N1-Storm group). 106 (26%) of 403 patients in the VIR-N1-Low group died within 90 days (OR for death 0·39, 95% CI 0·26–0·57; p[removed]11 página