25 research outputs found

    La economía colaborativa

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    gráficos ; 28 cm.Actualmente, en la historia más reciente se ve que la globalización es un efecto incontrolable e innegable. No es posible oponerse a lo que como civilización ocurre, hoy más que nunca se debe aprovechar el intercambio cultural para ser más ricos, pero intelectual y culturalmente, se está destinado a ser mejor cada día. Todo este camino ha traído hasta la economía colaborativa, que es la respuesta a los avasallantes avances industriales y tecnológicos, además es lo que la historia está llamada a contar, sin olvidar mostrar que se es capaz de sacar provecho al ciclo de la vida y a los fenómenos que trae, donde el motor es el conocimiento y lo ello se va a demostrar. Es por esto que nace este libro, porque se afirma que la economía colaborativa es el presente y el futuro.La economía colaborativa y los derechos humanos. -- El marketing en un contexto de economía colaborativa. -- Economía y plataformas colaborativas: herramienta tecnológica para los fines del Estado Social de Derecho. -- Los nuevos retos de la economía colaborativa: la responsabilidad civil de Uber y aplicaciones similares frente a terceros en accidentes de transito. -- Incidencia de la economía colaborativa en el desarrollo económico

    Características clínicas, histopatológicas y terapéuticas del cáncer de tiroides en Colombia: serie de 1.096 pacientes

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    Introducción: Los registros poblacionales de cáncer son una aproximación útil para determinar la magnitud del problema, pero son insuficientes como fuente de variables de interés para los clínicos y como generadores de hipótesis de investigación. Con el objetivo de identificar las características clínicas de los pacientes con cáncer de tiroides, el enfoque terapéutico inicial y los costos asociados con el manejo de la enfermedad, se implementó un registro específico en 10 ciudades de Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo, observacional entre los años 2013 y 2015. Se desarrolló una herramienta web (www.colombiatiroides.com) consistente en 55 variables con características demográficas, histopatológicas, paraclínicas y terapéuticas, para registrar la información de los pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de tiroides que asistieron a consulta de endocrinología, medicina nuclear, cirugía de cabeza y cuello o cirugía endocrina. Resultados: Se incluyó información de 1.096 pacientes con cáncer de tiroides. El promedio de edad fue de 45,5 años; 86,3% eran mujeres; 93,6% de los casos correspondieron a carcinoma papilar. Se documentó asociación entre el tamaño tumoral y el compromiso capsular, extracapsular, linfovascular y ganglionar central y lateral (p=0,000). Los pacientes menores de 45 años presentaron mayor invasión ganglionar central (p=0,000) y lateral (p=0,003), mientras que en los mayores de 45 años los tumores multicéntricos (p=0,032) y la infiltración extracapsular (p=0,036) fueron más frecuentes. El costo directo aproximado por paciente/año fue de $2’532.687 (982 USD). Conclusiones: Los resultados de este registro muestran que el carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides de tipo papilar corresponde al 93,6% dentro de todos los tipos de cáncer de tiroides, proporción que es mayor a la de otras series reportadas en la literatura. El 89% de los pacientes con carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides fueron clasificados como de riesgo alto e intermedio de recurrencia, luego de la terapia inicial del cáncer de tiroides. En pacientes menores de 45 años, la enfermedad tiende a invadir por vía linfática, pero en los mayores de 45 años las extensiones locales son más frecuentes. Finalmente, el costo aproximado de la enfermedad es de USD 982 paciente/año.

    Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

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    The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

    Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

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    We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

    Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

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    Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

    Recommendations for the reactivation of laboratories of lung function tests during the pandemic by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in Colombia

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    La pandemia de COVID-19 plantea retos y desafíos para la salud pública y para la provisión de servicios de salud en el mundo, y Colombia no es la excepción. Con la evidencia disponible hasta el momento, se sabe que el mecanismo de transmisión más probable del SARS-CoV-2 es a distancia por gotas respiratorias mayores de 5 micras (gotas de Flügge), que no permanecen suspendidas en el aire y que se depositan en las superficies a menos de 2 metros, por contacto de las secreciones infectadas directamente con las mucosas (oral, nasal, conjuntiva) o indirectamente (a través de las manos contaminadas). No se excluye la trasmisión por aerosoles, partículas de diámetro menor de 5 micras, generadas por la tos y por procedimientos invasivos, como la toma de muestras, intubación o broncoscopia, y durante las maniobras para las pruebas de función pulmonar (PFP), razón por la cual, estas representan un alto riesgo de contagio en los laboratorios de función pulmonar. Ante este escenario se deben optar por medidas preventivas, para lo cual es necesario hacer las mejores recomendaciones, que eviten el contagio durante las pruebas, adoptando precauciones de seguridad adicionales a las ya existentes, durante y después de su realización, que inevitablemente conducirán a tiempos más largos de espera y mayor duración de las pruebas, incremento en la utilización de insumos desechables, menor flujo de pacientes y aumento de los costos. Para la reactivación de los laboratorios de función pulmonar se deben tener en cuenta la etapa de la pandemia, la urgencia del procedimiento, según el estado clínico y diagnóstico del paciente, y el tipo de prueba (Tabla 1 y 2).https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6461-2725https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3061-5212https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0100-1940https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6925-3570Revista Nacional - IndexadaN

    Compilación de Proyectos de Investigacion de 1984-2002

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    Instituto Politecnico Nacional. UPIICS

    Trends and outcome of neoadjuvant treatment for rectal cancer: A retrospective analysis and critical assessment of a 10-year prospective national registry on behalf of the Spanish Rectal Cancer Project

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    Ultrahigh-energy neutrino follow-up of gravitational wave events GW150914 and GW151226 with the Pierre Auger Observatory

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    International audienceOn September 14, 2015 the Advanced LIGO detectors observed their first gravitational-wave (GW) transient GW150914. This was followed by a second GW event observed on December 26, 2015. Both events were inferred to have arisen from the merger of black holes in binary systems. Such a system may emit neutrinos if there are magnetic fields and disk debris remaining from the formation of the two black holes. With the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory we can search for neutrinos with energy above 100 PeV from point-like sources across the sky with equatorial declination from about -65 deg. to +60 deg., and in particular from a fraction of the 90% confidence-level (CL) inferred positions in the sky of GW150914 and GW151226. A targeted search for highly-inclined extensive air showers, produced either by interactions of downward-going neutrinos of all flavors in the atmosphere or by the decays of tau leptons originating from tau-neutrino interactions in the Earth's crust (Earth-skimming neutrinos), yielded no candidates in the Auger data collected within ±500\pm 500 s around or 1 day after the coordinated universal time (UTC) of GW150914 and GW151226, as well as in the same search periods relative to the UTC time of the GW candidate event LVT151012. From the non-observation we constrain the amount of energy radiated in ultrahigh-energy neutrinos from such remarkable events

    Evidence for a mixed mass composition at the ‘ankle’ in the cosmic-ray spectrum

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