19 research outputs found

    De l'amont vers l'aval : fonction et gestion des productions lithiques dans les réseaux d'échanges du Chasséen méridional

    Get PDF
    Between 4300 and 3500 BCE, the distribution of bedoulian flint in southern Chassey culture context reached a considerable scale. The flint blocks extracted from lower Cretaceous outcrops in northern Vaucluse was formed in specialized workshops situated near the deposits. It was then exported as unheated blades, but also as heated cores prepared to knap bladelets by pressure on consumer sites. The aim of this study is to understand better the organization of Chassey societies, distribution of networks from upstream to downstream, dealing with the question of enhancement of craft specializations which is one of the most important aspects. The productions are dealt with through networks, which is an original approach, because until now the studies have involved isolated sites or corpus of sites within a region. The study area is large, and therefore we have chosen to focus on the common specialized production, that is to say blades and bladelets of heated and unheated bedoulian flint, but also on other materials (Oligocene flint, Senonian flint, Los Monegros flint) in all sites. The corpus includes sites geographically positioned upstream to downstream of networks and have access to specialized productions: the only producer site which was the subject of a methodical excavation (Saint-Martin, Vaucluse), consumer sites (Les Moulins, DrĂŽme, L’HĂ©ritiĂšre, Bouches-du-RhĂŽne and Saint-Antoine, HĂ©rault), a hypothetical central redistributor site (Auriac, Aude) and sites on the margins of the extension area of southern Chassey culture (St. Michel-du-Touch and ChĂąteau-Percin, Haute-Garonne). Firstly, a methodology based on a traceological approach and materials science has enabled us to note that the heat treatment affects the stone fracturing and its path by changing the porosity and decreasing the tenacity. It could be shown, especially by edge acuity and mechanic tests or use of heated and unheated bladelets in a blind test, that the change in the properties of the stone results in an improvement in the sharpness of the blades. The functional analysis was then used to further our understanding of the role of specialized productions in the sous-systĂšmes techniques, that is to say, to understand how and for what purpose these tools were used. Lastly, the analysis was expanded into more general issues concerning the organization of exchange networks. These ideas are based on the level of integration of sites to different networks and lead to discussions on complementarity and operation of these networks.Entre 4300 et 3500 avant notre Ăšre, la diffusion du silex bĂ©doulien en contexte chassĂ©en a atteint une ampleur considĂ©rable. Ce silex, extrait des affleurements crĂ©tacĂ©s infĂ©rieurs du nord du Vaucluse a Ă©tĂ© mis en forme dans des ateliers spĂ©cialisĂ©s situĂ©s Ă  proximitĂ© des gisements. Il a Ă©tĂ© ensuite exportĂ© sous forme de lames non chauffĂ©es, mais aussi de nuclĂ©us chauffĂ©s prĂ©parĂ©s pour le dĂ©bitage de lamelles par pression sur les sites consommateurs. Il s’agit, dans ce travail, de mieux cerner l’organisation des sociĂ©tĂ©s chassĂ©ennes, de l’amont vers l’aval des rĂ©seaux de diffusion, en abordant la question du renforcement des spĂ©cialisations artisanales qui en est l’un des aspects les plus marquants. Les productions sont abordĂ©es par le biais des rĂ©seaux, approche originale puisque jusqu’à maintenant les Ă©tudes ont concernĂ© des sites isolĂ©s ou des corpus de sites au sein d’un terroir. La zone d’étude est vaste, et par consĂ©quent nous avons fait le choix de nous concentrer sur les productions spĂ©cialisĂ©es communes Ă  tous les sites, c'est-Ă -dire les productions lamino-lamellaires en silex bĂ©doulien chauffĂ© et non chauffĂ©, mais aussi sur d’autres matĂ©riaux (silex oligocĂšne, silex sĂ©nonien, silex de Los Monegros). Le corpus inclut des sites gĂ©ographiquement positionnĂ©s de l’amont vers l’aval des rĂ©seaux et ayant accĂšs aux productions spĂ©cialisĂ©es : le seul site producteur ayant fait l’objet d’une fouille mĂ©thodique (Saint-Martin, Vaucluse), des sites consommateurs (Les Moulins, DrĂŽme ; L’HĂ©ritiĂšre, Bouches-du-RhĂŽne et Saint-Antoine, HĂ©rault), un site hypothĂ©tiquement central redistributeur (Auriac, Aude) et des sites aux marges de l’aire d’extension du ChassĂ©en mĂ©ridional (Saint-Michel-du-Touch et ChĂąteau Percin, Haute-Garonne). Une mĂ©thodologie basĂ©e sur une approche tracĂ©ologique et un recours aux sciences des matĂ©riaux a permis dans un premier temps, de constater que le traitement thermique, par une modification de la porositĂ©, provoque une baisse de la tĂ©nacitĂ© et a une incidence sur la fracturation et sur son cheminement.Il a pu ĂȘtre dĂ©montrĂ© que la modification des propriĂ©tĂ©s de la roche par la chauffe se traduit par une amĂ©lioration du pouvoir de coupe des tranchants des lamelles dĂ©bitĂ©es sur silex bĂ©doulien notamment par des mesures d'acuitĂ© des tranchants et par des sĂ©ries de tests mĂ©caniques ou d'utilisation en aveugle de lamelles chauffĂ©es ou non chauffĂ©es. L’analyse fonctionnelle a permis ensuite d’approfondir nos connaissances sur la place des productions spĂ©cialisĂ©es dans les sous-systĂšmes techniques, c'est-Ă -dire de comprendre comment et pour quelle finalitĂ© ces outils ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s. Enfin, la rĂ©flexion a Ă©tĂ© poussĂ©e sur des questions d’ordre plus gĂ©nĂ©ral concernant l’organisation des rĂ©seaux d’échanges. Ces idĂ©es sont basĂ©es sur l’intĂ©gration plus ou moins forte des sites aux diffĂ©rents rĂ©seaux et mĂšnent Ă  des discussions concernant la complĂ©mentaritĂ© et le fonctionnement de ces rĂ©seaux

    From upstream to downstream : function and management of lithic productions in exchange networks of southern Chassey culture

    Get PDF
    Entre 4300 et 3500 avant notre Ăšre, la diffusion du silex bĂ©doulien en contexte chassĂ©en a atteint une ampleur considĂ©rable. Ce silex, extrait des affleurements crĂ©tacĂ©s infĂ©rieurs du nord du Vaucluse a Ă©tĂ© mis en forme dans des ateliers spĂ©cialisĂ©s situĂ©s Ă  proximitĂ© des gisements. Il a Ă©tĂ© ensuite exportĂ© sous forme de lames non chauffĂ©es, mais aussi de nuclĂ©us chauffĂ©s prĂ©parĂ©s pour le dĂ©bitage de lamelles par pression sur les sites consommateurs. Il s’agit, dans ce travail, de mieux cerner l’organisation des sociĂ©tĂ©s chassĂ©ennes, de l’amont vers l’aval des rĂ©seaux de diffusion, en abordant la question du renforcement des spĂ©cialisations artisanales qui en est l’un des aspects les plus marquants. Les productions sont abordĂ©es par le biais des rĂ©seaux, approche originale puisque jusqu’à maintenant les Ă©tudes ont concernĂ© des sites isolĂ©s ou des corpus de sites au sein d’un terroir. La zone d’étude est vaste, et par consĂ©quent nous avons fait le choix de nous concentrer sur les productions spĂ©cialisĂ©es communes Ă  tous les sites, c'est-Ă -dire les productions lamino-lamellaires en silex bĂ©doulien chauffĂ© et non chauffĂ©, mais aussi sur d’autres matĂ©riaux (silex oligocĂšne, silex sĂ©nonien, silex de Los Monegros). Le corpus inclut des sites gĂ©ographiquement positionnĂ©s de l’amont vers l’aval des rĂ©seaux et ayant accĂšs aux productions spĂ©cialisĂ©es : le seul site producteur ayant fait l’objet d’une fouille mĂ©thodique (Saint-Martin, Vaucluse), des sites consommateurs (Les Moulins, DrĂŽme ; L’HĂ©ritiĂšre, Bouches-du-RhĂŽne et Saint-Antoine, HĂ©rault), un site hypothĂ©tiquement central redistributeur (Auriac, Aude) et des sites aux marges de l’aire d’extension du ChassĂ©en mĂ©ridional (Saint-Michel-du-Touch et ChĂąteau Percin, Haute-Garonne). Une mĂ©thodologie basĂ©e sur une approche tracĂ©ologique et un recours aux sciences des matĂ©riaux a permis dans un premier temps, de constater que le traitement thermique, par une modification de la porositĂ©, provoque une baisse de la tĂ©nacitĂ© et a une incidence sur la fracturation et sur son cheminement.Il a pu ĂȘtre dĂ©montrĂ© que la modification des propriĂ©tĂ©s de la roche par la chauffe se traduit par une amĂ©lioration du pouvoir de coupe des tranchants des lamelles dĂ©bitĂ©es sur silex bĂ©doulien notamment par des mesures d'acuitĂ© des tranchants et par des sĂ©ries de tests mĂ©caniques ou d'utilisation en aveugle de lamelles chauffĂ©es ou non chauffĂ©es. L’analyse fonctionnelle a permis ensuite d’approfondir nos connaissances sur la place des productions spĂ©cialisĂ©es dans les sous-systĂšmes techniques, c'est-Ă -dire de comprendre comment et pour quelle finalitĂ© ces outils ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s. Enfin, la rĂ©flexion a Ă©tĂ© poussĂ©e sur des questions d’ordre plus gĂ©nĂ©ral concernant l’organisation des rĂ©seaux d’échanges. Ces idĂ©es sont basĂ©es sur l’intĂ©gration plus ou moins forte des sites aux diffĂ©rents rĂ©seaux et mĂšnent Ă  des discussions concernant la complĂ©mentaritĂ© et le fonctionnement de ces rĂ©seaux.Between 4300 and 3500 BCE, the distribution of bedoulian flint in southern Chassey culture context reached a considerable scale. The flint blocks extracted from lower Cretaceous outcrops in northern Vaucluse was formed in specialized workshops situated near the deposits. It was then exported as unheated blades, but also as heated cores prepared to knap bladelets by pressure on consumer sites. The aim of this study is to understand better the organization of Chassey societies, distribution of networks from upstream to downstream, dealing with the question of enhancement of craft specializations which is one of the most important aspects. The productions are dealt with through networks, which is an original approach, because until now the studies have involved isolated sites or corpus of sites within a region. The study area is large, and therefore we have chosen to focus on the common specialized production, that is to say blades and bladelets of heated and unheated bedoulian flint, but also on other materials (Oligocene flint, Senonian flint, Los Monegros flint) in all sites. The corpus includes sites geographically positioned upstream to downstream of networks and have access to specialized productions: the only producer site which was the subject of a methodical excavation (Saint-Martin, Vaucluse), consumer sites (Les Moulins, DrĂŽme, L’HĂ©ritiĂšre, Bouches-du-RhĂŽne and Saint-Antoine, HĂ©rault), a hypothetical central redistributor site (Auriac, Aude) and sites on the margins of the extension area of southern Chassey culture (St. Michel-du-Touch and ChĂąteau-Percin, Haute-Garonne). Firstly, a methodology based on a traceological approach and materials science has enabled us to note that the heat treatment affects the stone fracturing and its path by changing the porosity and decreasing the tenacity. It could be shown, especially by edge acuity and mechanic tests or use of heated and unheated bladelets in a blind test, that the change in the properties of the stone results in an improvement in the sharpness of the blades. The functional analysis was then used to further our understanding of the role of specialized productions in the sous-systĂšmes techniques, that is to say, to understand how and for what purpose these tools were used. Lastly, the analysis was expanded into more general issues concerning the organization of exchange networks. These ideas are based on the level of integration of sites to different networks and lead to discussions on complementarity and operation of these networks

    From upstream to downstream : function and management of lithic productions in exchange networks of southern Chassey culture

    No full text
    Entre 4300 et 3500 avant notre Ăšre, la diffusion du silex bĂ©doulien en contexte chassĂ©en a atteint une ampleur considĂ©rable. Ce silex, extrait des affleurements crĂ©tacĂ©s infĂ©rieurs du nord du Vaucluse a Ă©tĂ© mis en forme dans des ateliers spĂ©cialisĂ©s situĂ©s Ă  proximitĂ© des gisements. Il a Ă©tĂ© ensuite exportĂ© sous forme de lames non chauffĂ©es, mais aussi de nuclĂ©us chauffĂ©s prĂ©parĂ©s pour le dĂ©bitage de lamelles par pression sur les sites consommateurs. Il s’agit, dans ce travail, de mieux cerner l’organisation des sociĂ©tĂ©s chassĂ©ennes, de l’amont vers l’aval des rĂ©seaux de diffusion, en abordant la question du renforcement des spĂ©cialisations artisanales qui en est l’un des aspects les plus marquants. Les productions sont abordĂ©es par le biais des rĂ©seaux, approche originale puisque jusqu’à maintenant les Ă©tudes ont concernĂ© des sites isolĂ©s ou des corpus de sites au sein d’un terroir. La zone d’étude est vaste, et par consĂ©quent nous avons fait le choix de nous concentrer sur les productions spĂ©cialisĂ©es communes Ă  tous les sites, c'est-Ă -dire les productions lamino-lamellaires en silex bĂ©doulien chauffĂ© et non chauffĂ©, mais aussi sur d’autres matĂ©riaux (silex oligocĂšne, silex sĂ©nonien, silex de Los Monegros). Le corpus inclut des sites gĂ©ographiquement positionnĂ©s de l’amont vers l’aval des rĂ©seaux et ayant accĂšs aux productions spĂ©cialisĂ©es : le seul site producteur ayant fait l’objet d’une fouille mĂ©thodique (Saint-Martin, Vaucluse), des sites consommateurs (Les Moulins, DrĂŽme ; L’HĂ©ritiĂšre, Bouches-du-RhĂŽne et Saint-Antoine, HĂ©rault), un site hypothĂ©tiquement central redistributeur (Auriac, Aude) et des sites aux marges de l’aire d’extension du ChassĂ©en mĂ©ridional (Saint-Michel-du-Touch et ChĂąteau Percin, Haute-Garonne). Une mĂ©thodologie basĂ©e sur une approche tracĂ©ologique et un recours aux sciences des matĂ©riaux a permis dans un premier temps, de constater que le traitement thermique, par une modification de la porositĂ©, provoque une baisse de la tĂ©nacitĂ© et a une incidence sur la fracturation et sur son cheminement.Il a pu ĂȘtre dĂ©montrĂ© que la modification des propriĂ©tĂ©s de la roche par la chauffe se traduit par une amĂ©lioration du pouvoir de coupe des tranchants des lamelles dĂ©bitĂ©es sur silex bĂ©doulien notamment par des mesures d'acuitĂ© des tranchants et par des sĂ©ries de tests mĂ©caniques ou d'utilisation en aveugle de lamelles chauffĂ©es ou non chauffĂ©es. L’analyse fonctionnelle a permis ensuite d’approfondir nos connaissances sur la place des productions spĂ©cialisĂ©es dans les sous-systĂšmes techniques, c'est-Ă -dire de comprendre comment et pour quelle finalitĂ© ces outils ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s. Enfin, la rĂ©flexion a Ă©tĂ© poussĂ©e sur des questions d’ordre plus gĂ©nĂ©ral concernant l’organisation des rĂ©seaux d’échanges. Ces idĂ©es sont basĂ©es sur l’intĂ©gration plus ou moins forte des sites aux diffĂ©rents rĂ©seaux et mĂšnent Ă  des discussions concernant la complĂ©mentaritĂ© et le fonctionnement de ces rĂ©seaux.Between 4300 and 3500 BCE, the distribution of bedoulian flint in southern Chassey culture context reached a considerable scale. The flint blocks extracted from lower Cretaceous outcrops in northern Vaucluse was formed in specialized workshops situated near the deposits. It was then exported as unheated blades, but also as heated cores prepared to knap bladelets by pressure on consumer sites. The aim of this study is to understand better the organization of Chassey societies, distribution of networks from upstream to downstream, dealing with the question of enhancement of craft specializations which is one of the most important aspects. The productions are dealt with through networks, which is an original approach, because until now the studies have involved isolated sites or corpus of sites within a region. The study area is large, and therefore we have chosen to focus on the common specialized production, that is to say blades and bladelets of heated and unheated bedoulian flint, but also on other materials (Oligocene flint, Senonian flint, Los Monegros flint) in all sites. The corpus includes sites geographically positioned upstream to downstream of networks and have access to specialized productions: the only producer site which was the subject of a methodical excavation (Saint-Martin, Vaucluse), consumer sites (Les Moulins, DrĂŽme, L’HĂ©ritiĂšre, Bouches-du-RhĂŽne and Saint-Antoine, HĂ©rault), a hypothetical central redistributor site (Auriac, Aude) and sites on the margins of the extension area of southern Chassey culture (St. Michel-du-Touch and ChĂąteau-Percin, Haute-Garonne). Firstly, a methodology based on a traceological approach and materials science has enabled us to note that the heat treatment affects the stone fracturing and its path by changing the porosity and decreasing the tenacity. It could be shown, especially by edge acuity and mechanic tests or use of heated and unheated bladelets in a blind test, that the change in the properties of the stone results in an improvement in the sharpness of the blades. The functional analysis was then used to further our understanding of the role of specialized productions in the sous-systĂšmes techniques, that is to say, to understand how and for what purpose these tools were used. Lastly, the analysis was expanded into more general issues concerning the organization of exchange networks. These ideas are based on the level of integration of sites to different networks and lead to discussions on complementarity and operation of these networks

    Le travail de la poterie en contexte chasséen : des outils en silex pour la production céramique ?

    No full text
    This paper aims to review the data concerning use-wear traces on pottery-working flint tools. Some case studies in the context of the Southern Chassey are presented ; the tools are grouped by mode of operation to try to situate them in the chaĂźnes opĂ©ratoires of ceramic production. Finally, there is further reflection on the technological and social implications of the identification of these tools.Cet article a pour objectif de faire un point critique sur les donnĂ©es tracĂ©ologiques permettant de caractĂ©riser les outils en silex ayant travaillĂ© la poterie. Quelques Ă©tudes de cas dans le contexte du ChassĂ©en mĂ©ridional sont prĂ©sentĂ©es, les outils Ă©tant regroupĂ©s par mode de fonctionnement pour tenter de les replacer dans la chaĂźne opĂ©ratoire de la production des cĂ©ramiques. Enfin, une rĂ©flexion approfondie est menĂ©e sur les implications technologiques et sociales de l’identification de ces outils.Torchy LoĂŻc, Gassin Bernard. Le travail de la poterie en contexte chassĂ©en : des outils en silex pour la production cĂ©ramique ?. In: Bulletin de la SociĂ©tĂ© prĂ©historique française, tome 107, n°4, 2010. pp. 725-735

    Le silex bédoulien sur les sites chasséens du Languedoc : étude fonctionnelle, statut des sites et réseaux de diffusion

    Get PDF
    International audienceOur study focuses on the management of Bedoulian flint productions in the Chassey Culture, on importer and consumer sites in Languedoc, which are in the zone of mass diffusion and relatively close to each other, but far from workshop producer site. These sites are Le Pirou in Valros (HĂ©rault), Armissan in Langel (Aude) and Auriac in Carcassonne (Aude). Management differences were observed between the different productions (with or without heat treatment ; between blades/ bladelets/flakes and between different rhythms of knapping) and between different sites. The sous-systĂšmes techniques of plant cutting, skin, bone and ceramic working are discussed by addressing the issue of craft specialization. Different site statuses are identified through the representation of different functional classes. The strong representation of plant cutting at Le Pirou and Langel shows them to be related to agriculture, while the functional spectrum of Auriac reveals a very different status from the two others. The functional analysis introduced some ideas supporting the hypothesis of bladelets (knapped by pressure after heat treatment) redistribution site. Finally, the complexity of the diffusion of Bedoulian flint is approached through a demonstration of supply ease variability, revealing different levels of integration in exchanges systems.Notre Ă©tude porte sur la gestion des productions lithiques en silex bĂ©doulien sur des sites chassĂ©ens languedociens importateurs et consommateurs compris dans l’aire de diffusion massive et relativement proches les uns des autres, mais Ă©loignĂ©s des ateliers producteurs. Il s’agit des sites du Pirou Ă  Valros (HĂ©rault), de Langel Ă  Armissan (Aude) et du fossĂ© St2 d’Auriac Ă  Carcassonne (Aude). Des diffĂ©rences de gestion ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es entre les diffĂ©rentes productions (avec ou sans traitement thermique ; entre lames/ lamelles/Ă©clats ; entre diffĂ©rents rythmes de dĂ©bitage), mais aussi entre les diffĂ©rents sites. Les sous-systĂšmes techniques de la coupe des vĂ©gĂ©taux, du travail de la peau, de l’os et de la cĂ©ramique ont pu ĂȘtre discutĂ©s en abordant la question de la spĂ©cialisation artisanale. DiffĂ©rents statuts de sites ont pu ĂȘtre mis en Ă©vidence grĂące Ă  la reprĂ©sentation des diffĂ©rentes classes fonctionnelles. La forte reprĂ©sentation de la coupe de vĂ©gĂ©taux sur les sites du Pirou et de Langel leur confĂšre une vocation agricole, tandis que le spectre fonctionnel d’Auriac rĂ©vĂšle un statut bien diffĂ©rent des deux autres. L’analyse fonctionnelle a introduit quelques pistes de rĂ©flexion confortant l’hypothĂšse d’un site redistributeur de lamelles dĂ©bitĂ©es par pression aprĂšs traitement thermique. Enfin, la complexitĂ© des rĂ©seaux de diffusion des silex bĂ©douliens a Ă©tĂ© abordĂ©e par la mise en Ă©vidence d’une variabilitĂ© d’aisance d’approvisionnement rĂ©vĂ©lant diffĂ©rents degrĂ©s d’intĂ©gration dans ces rĂ©seaux

    The use of lithic tools dedicated to the procurement and transformation of food materials during the Middle Neolithic in the northwestern Mediterranean

    No full text
    [EN] Our aim in this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of the lithictools used to procure and transform the materials consumed as food d uring the Middle Neolithic in the western Mediterranean region. We focus on three tool categories: projectile weapons (points and geometric microliths), butchery tools and sickle implements. The numerous assemblages studied Íll recent years provide information on not only the role played by these instruments and the importance of related activities in different sites, but also reveal recurrences in the choice of raw materials, tool morphology and their methods of use. We int roduce sorne method ological points to evaluate the contribution of use-wear interpretations, especially for butchery activit ies. For projectile weapons and sickle blades, we will present the attested haft ing methods, their geographical distribution and chronological evolution. The presence of these tools in the world of the dead is not a simple reflection of the daily act ivities of the living, and their interpretation is therefore more complex. We will present the state of knowledge in this area. Starting from the middle of the fifth millennium cal. BC, the contacts between communities in various areas of the Western Mediterranean intensified, especially through the exchange of raw materials, such as Alpine axes, Sardinian obsidian, Bedoulian flint from the Provence region, and variscite from Catalonia. These intensive exchanges and the technological investment represented by the heat treatment of flint are evidently reflected in the domain of lith ic tools dedicated to the procurement and transformation of materials for alimentation.[FR] Nous tentons ici de faire un Ă©tat des connaissances sur les outils lithiques taillĂ©s destinĂ©s a l'acquisition et a la transformation des matĂ©riaux consommĂ©s comme aliments au NĂ©olithique moyen en MĂ©diterranĂ©e occidentale. Notre rĂ©flexion porte sur trois outils : les armatures de projectiles (pointes et gĂ©omĂ©triques), les outils de boucherie et les armatures de faucilles. Les nombreuses sĂ©ries Ă©tud iĂ©es ces dernieres annĂ©es nous permettent non se ulement de connaĂ­tre le role jouĂ© par ces instruments et l'importance des activitĂ©s associĂ©es dans les diffĂ©rents sites, mais aussi d'observer des rĂ©currences portant sur le choix des matieres premieres, la morphologie des outils et leurs modes d'utilisation. Nous prĂ©sentons quelques points de mĂ©thodologie permettant d'Ă©valuer la portĂ©e des interprĂ©tations tracĂ©ologiques, notamment pour les activitĂ©s de boucherie. Pour les armatu res de projectiles et les armatures de faucille, nous prĂ©senterons les modes d'emmanchement attestĂ©s, leur rĂ©partition gĂ©ographique et leur Ă©volution chronologique. La prĂ©sence de ces outils dans le monde des morts n'est pas un simple reflet des activitĂ©s quotidiennes des vivants, et leur interprĂ©tation est alors plus complexe. Nous prĂ©senterons l'Ă©tat des connaissances dans ce domaine. À partir du milieu du Ve millĂ©naire cal BC, les contacts entre communautĂ©s de diverses zones de MĂ©diterranĂ©e occidentale s'int ensifient, notamment a travers les Ă©changes de matieres premieres, comme les haches des Alpes, l'obsidienne de Sardaigne, le silex bĂ©doulien de Provence, la variscite de Catalogne. Ces Ă©changes int enses, l'investissement technologique que reprĂ©sente la chauffe du silex, se refletent Ă©videmment dans le domaine des outils lithiques consacrĂ©s a l'acquisition et au traitement des matĂ©riaux destinĂ©s a l'alimentation.Peer reviewe

    Les couteaux de la grotte de Foissac (Aveyron) et les outils de moissonneurs du NĂ©olithique final dans le Sud-Ouest de la France

    No full text
    International audienceThe Late Neolithic harvesting tools of south-western France were often mentioned in archaeological literature as glossy sickles, but few tools of this kind have been the subject of detailed analysis. The Chalcolithic cave of Foissac (Aveyron) is one of the most representative settlements of this period and famous for the discovery of harvesting tools, two of which were found with their axial side handle in bone. No weed seeds were among the carbonized cereal deposits in the cave and these two tools were therefore considered to have been used for cutting grain crop ears, by a high cut, or by pulling out the ears. These tools were quoted repeatedly in archaeological literature but were never studied exhaustively in spite of their unusual character. It is the reason why we were anxious to analyse them further and place them in their precise geographical and chronological frame, before trying to identify their significance in relation to other reaping tools of the same kind, found in the same region and further afield. As regards the intrinsic data of these two harvesting knives, it proved possible to obtain several new results. The examination of the lithofacies and the biofacies of the used flint indicates that they are blades in oligocene lacustrine flint from Mur-de-Barrez (Aveyron) ; such blades circulated regionally in the south-west of the Massif Central during the Late Neolithic period. The analysis of microscopic use-wear confirms that these tools were used for cutting cereals in a longitudinal action. The handles were shaped from sections of bones of large ruminants and drilled so as to improve the link between the tool and the hand. The extrinsic data regarding the discovery context of these tools are not very reliable because the cave has no stratigraphy but juxtaposed objects were deposited on the cave floor over a long period of time covering the whole 3rd millennium BCE. We note however the closeness of one knife to a pot decorated with an arch-shaped cordon which is typical of the early stage of the Treilles culture belonging to the Late Neolithic 2 (between 3200 and 2800 BCE). The morphological similarities between both the harvesting knives of Foissac and the compact models with wooden handles of the northern Alpine lakeside domain (knives of the Claivaux type of the NMB and the Horgen-type knife) consolidate this dating proposal. During the comparative investigation with other bone handles we noticed that the specimens from the Sargel cave, sometimes quoted as identical to those from Foissac, are actually different because they do not have a lithic blade. They may perhaps have used reaping knives just of bone. Other harvesting tools from the Foissac cave belong to the notched saw type. They are represented by three specimens of Grand-Pressigny flint blades found in other unstratified sectors of the cave. However, thanks to other assemblages from several sites in Quercy we know that notched saws became widespread in the same region during the Late Neolithic 3 (between 2800-2400 BCE), in either the form of imports of Grand-Pressigny flint, or of imitations in local flints or rocks. The microscopic use-wear analysis of these blades indicates that these tools were also used for the cutting of cereals in a longitudinal action and reveals that these tools had been resharpened and refitted to prolong their use. Their handles are not documented, but they are too narrow to have been used directly in the hand and we presume that the notches were used to fix them to a handle by means of dowels, bindings, or other methods. The harvesting knives from the Foissac cave suggest that one evolution occurred in this region between the Late Neolithic 2 and the Late Neolithic 3. The oldest stage is represented in Aveyron by the Treilles culture which implemented and developed a regional network of blades in flint from Mur-de-Barrez. These were used for tools similar to those of the lakeside domain in the north-western Alps. They are knives with a flat or pointed lithic end which were attached to a side and axial handle with two perforations to attach a wrist-strap. During the recent stage, represented locally by the Loupiac/ Marsa group, imports of Grand-Pressigny flint became the dominant form, in particular the use of notched saws. This change in the supply of lithic tools must be put into context with the arrival of some ceramic elements of the Artenac culture in the local group. Notched saws imported from Touraine were highly successful in Quercy and the west of Aveyron where they were imitated using local flints. Further south we also know of numerous imitations of wider notched saws which were made from flakes of metamorphic rocks in the VĂ©raza culture group which occupied all the upper part of the Garonne basin. This transmission of notched saws in the form of imports or in the form of imitations does not seem to have been pursued in the Mediterranean zone of Languedoc. The technical evolution of harvesting tools found in the Foissac cave is representative of the oceanic south-west of France during the Late Neolithic period. It presents common points with those observed in Western European Late Neolithic times where harvesting knives or reaping knives developed under the influence of improvements in agricultural practices of the period, in particular selective harvesting of only the ears and denser sowings prepared by the use of the ard plough.La grotte de Foissac (Aveyron) a livrĂ© deux couteaux Ă  moissonner particuliĂšrement bien conservĂ©s dont les lames lithiques Ă©taient encore insĂ©rĂ©es dans leurs manches en os perforĂ©s latĂ©ralement. L'examen du lithofaciĂšs et du biofaciĂšs du silex utilisĂ© indique qu'il s'agit de lames en silex lacustre oligocĂšne du type Mur-de-Barrez (Aveyron), lames qui ont Ă©tĂ© diffusĂ©es rĂ©gionalement dans le sud-ouest du Massif central au NĂ©olithique final. L'examen tracĂ©ologique confirme qu'il s'agit bien d'outils ayant coupĂ© des vĂ©gĂ©taux tendres dans une cinĂ©matique longitudinale. Les poignĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© façonnĂ©es dans des tronçons de cĂŽtes de gros ruminants et s'apparentent aux modĂšles compacts en bois du domaine lacustre nord alpin (NMB et culture de Horgen). Ces deux couteaux Ă  moissonner sont attribuables au NĂ©olithique final 2, c'est-Ă -dire Ă  l'Ă©tape ancienne du groupe des Treilles (3200-2800 av. notre Ăšre) et sont diffĂ©rents des couteaux de type "scies Ă  encoches" qui sont attestĂ©s par trois exemplaires en silex du Grand-Pressigny trouvĂ©s dans la mĂȘme grotte. Les scies Ă  encoches se sont gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ©es dans la mĂȘme rĂ©gion au NĂ©olithique final 3, soit sous la forme d'importations en silex du Grand-Pressigny, soit sous la forme d'imitations en silex locaux ou en roches locales. La tracĂ©ologie indique que ces outils ont fonctionnĂ© eux-aussi pour la coupe de vĂ©gĂ©taux tendres dans une cinĂ©matique transversale Ă©voquant l'Ă©russage (couper les Ă©pis en tirant). L'Ă©volution perçue Ă  Foissac Ă  travers ces piĂšces est reprĂ©sentative de celle du Sud-Ouest ocĂ©anique de la France au NĂ©olithique final. Elle prĂ©sente des points communs avec celle observĂ©e dans le NĂ©olithique final occidental oĂč les couteaux Ă  moissonner ou Ă  Ă©russer se sont dĂ©veloppĂ©s sous l'effet des amĂ©liorations des pratiques agricoles de cette pĂ©riode, notamment la moissons sĂ©lective des seuls Ă©pis et des cultures plus denses prĂ©parĂ©es Ă  l'araire

    Influence of Heat Treatment on the Physical Transformation of Flint Used by Neolithic Societies in the Western Mediterranean

    No full text
    International audienceThe Neolithic period Chassey culture in southern France from 4200 to 3500 Cal. BC developed a specialized lithic technology for flint bladelets that used a heating process as an essential part of the production. Experimental archaeology demonstrated that the heating should take place at low temperature somewhere around 250°C. To identify and quantify the physical transformations of flint at low temperature, laboratory and synchrotron experiences have been carried out on a set of heated Barremo-Bedoulian flint samples. According to our measurements, this flint consists of a nanocrystalline matrix of quartz and moganite. Evolution of mesoporous structure was observed during heat treatment. The flint transformed between 200-300°C, resulting in a reduction in the size and volume of porosity. The densification of flint is linked to changes on the nanocrystalline grain boundaries, and it is thought to have a direct impact on the improved mechanical properties from the Chassey culture lithic productions
    corecore