Interactions between cellulose ethers and a bile salt in the control of lipid digestion of lipid-based systems

In order to gain new insights into the potential of specific dietary fibres to control lipid digestion, the goal of this work is to study the main interactions between commercial cellulose ethers, as dietary fibre, and a bile salt, as an important duodenal component present during the digestibility of lipids. These interactions have been evaluated in two different scenarios found for an oil-in-water emulsion on its transit through the duodenum. Namely, interactions in the continuous phase and competitive adsorption at the oil–water interface have been looked at by means of micro-differential scanning calorimetry (micro-DSC) and interfacial tension (IT). Micro-DSC revealed that the presence of the bile salt affects the thermogelation process of cellulose derivatives, suggesting binding to cellulose ethers. The effect on thermogelation seems to be cellulose type-dependent. IT measurements proved the ability of cellulose ethers to compete for the oil–water interface in the presence of the bile salt. Interactions in the bulk might have an impact on this interfacial scenario. These findings may have implications in the digestion of emulsified lipids, hence providing a springboard to develop new cellulose-based food products with improved functional properties

Chloroplast-rich material from the physical fractionation of pea vine ( Pisum sativum ) postharvest field residue (Haulm)

An innovative procedure for plant chloroplasts isolation has been proposed, which consists of juice extraction by physical fractionation from plant material and recovery of its chloroplast-rich fraction (CRF) by centrifugation. This simple method has been applied to pea vine haulm subjected to different post-harvest treatments: blanching, storage at different relative humidity values and fermentation. Additionally, freeze storage of the extracted juice was carried out. The macronutrient (total lipids, proteins, ash and carbohydrates) and micronutrient (fatty acids, chlorophylls, β-carotene, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid) content and composition of the CRF have been determined. The CRF isolated from fresh pea vine haulm is a potential source of essential micronutrients (α-linolenic acid, β-carotene, α-tocopherol) and carbohydrates, whereas the post-harvest treatments trialled have a detrimental effect on the nutritional content. Industrial applications for the recovered nutritionally rich fraction, such as food supplement ingredient or animal feeding, are likely envisaged, while optimising the use of green haulm

Impact of caseins and whey proteins ratio and lipid content on in vitro digestion and ex vivo absorption

Caseins and whey proteins are known as ‘slow’ and ‘fast’ proteins, respectively, based on their amino acid absorption rate. However, there is limited understanding of the mechanisms controlling their behaviour during gastro-intestinal transit. A protein model system (8% total protein) with varying casein:whey protein ratios (0:100, 20:80, 50:50 and 80:20) were subjected to in vitro gastro-intestinal digestion using a semi-dynamic gastric model, a static intestinal model and an ex vivo absorption model (Ussing chambers). The casein-rich (≥ 50%) samples showed the formation of solid coagula that were persistent throughout gastric digestion, which caused a delay in nutrient emptying, slower digestion and leucine absorption kinetics. In contrast, whey proteins formed more soluble aggregates during the gastric phase, which led to faster gastric emptying, rapid intestinal hydrolysis, and higher and faster leucine absorption. This work shows the key role of the gastric restructuring for the overall digestive mechanism and kinetics of food, in particular proteins

Application of interfacial properties of polymeric surfactans in physiological processes for biomedical and nutraceutic purposes

Tesis Univ. Granada. Departamento de Física AplicadaEste trabajo ha sido financiado por: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, bajo los proyectos MAT2007-66662-C02-01, MAT2010-20370 y JCI-2009-03823; Junta de Adnalucía, proyectos P07-FQM-03099 y P09-FQM-4698; Universidad de Granada, proyecto CEIBiotic 20F12/16; así como al proyecto EU-FP7-PERG07-GA-2010-268315-ColloD

Report on EFSA project OC/EFSA/GMO/2017/01 “In vitro protein digestibility” (Allergestion)

The primary objective of the assessment of novel proteins is to evaluate whether they are safe to consume, including potential allergenicity. As part of a suite of assessments, the in vitro digestion of protein has been seen as a useful exercise. Thus, in line with the guidance offered by the EFSA GMO Panel we are using an early phase and a late phase gastric simulation as well as a simulation of the infant gastric compartment, all followed by intestinal phases. These digestion scenarios were used with a panel of 10 proteins from plant and animal origin that were proteins with distinct allergenic potential. The results from the SDS‐PAGE and densitometry show significant and mainly expected differences between the different digestion scenarios. The milk proteins were fully digested in the intestinal phase but the BLG was largely resistant to pepsin. In contrast, the egg proteins showed significant persistence except under late phase conditions. For the plant proteins, KTI and ConA were largely resistant to all conditions whereas LIP and AP were only resistant to infant conditions. Similarly, Ara h 1 showed some resistance to infant gastric conditions. The LC‐MS analysis of peptides was able to highlight a number of clusters where differences were seen between the digestion scenarios and these could in some cases be mapped onto the primary sequence and where relevant compared with known allergenic epitopes. Under the different digestion scenarios, we were able to show significant differences in the persistence of peptides larger than 9 amino acids and significant overlap of abundant peptides from early phase intestinal digestion and known epitopes for a number of proteins. Although, linking these differences to immunological responses (epitope mapping) still seems to be quite challenging, there are clear differences between scenarios and strong potential for improved risk assessment

Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Perspective for Primary Care Providers

   This article reviews the efficacy and safety data of tirzepatide, a once-weekly, novel glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist approved in the United States, the European Union, and other regions for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. All doses of tirzepatide demonstrated superiority in reducing A1C and body weight from baseline versus placebo or active comparators. The safety profile of tirzepatide was consistent with that of the GLP-1 receptor agonist class, with mild to moderate and transient gastrointestinal side effects being the most common adverse events. With clinically and statistically significant reductions in A1C and body weight without increased risk of hypoglycemia in various populations, tirzepatide has demonstrated potential as a first-in-class treatment option for many people with type 2 diabetes.</p