Influence of foliar feeding on chemical composition of some secondary metabolites of grape

Vinova loza (Vitis vinifera L., familija Vitaceae), globalno, je jedna od najznačajnijih voćaka zbog velike upotrebne vrijednosti grožđa. Grožđe i proizvodi od grožđa predmet su mnogih savremenih istraživanja, posebno zbog biološki aktivnih sekundarnih metabolita. Među ovim jedinjenjima se izdvajaju fenolna jedinjenja zbog izraženog antikancerogenog, antimutagenog, antiinflamatornog, antialergijskog i antimikrobnog djelovanja. Iako je fenolni sastav genetski određen, sadržaj fenolnih jedinjenja kao sekundarnih metabolita umnogome zavisi od primijenjenih agrotehničkih mjera, ali i uslova životne sredine. Od posebnog značaja su istraživanja vezana za mogućnost uticaja na akumulaciju fenolnih jedinjenja, kao na primjer preko primjene različitih formulacija, doza i kombinacija đubriva. Glavni cilj ove doktorske disertacije bilo je ispitivanje hemijskog sastava grožđa i praćenje uticaja folijarnog đubrenja sa fosforom i kalijumom na sadržaj fenolnih jedinjenja, kao i šećera i organskih kiselina. Imajući u vidu da su P i K od krucijalnog značaja za sintezu ugljenih hidtrata, kao i transport asimilata do skladišnih organa, očekivan je pozitivan efekat na akumulaciju primarnih, a indirektno i sekundarnih metabolita. S druge strane, mogućnost da sadržaj P u pojedinim organima vinove loze gajene na krečnjačkim zemljištima bude nizak predstavljala je još jedan od razloga zbog kojeg je odlučeno da se sprovede prihranjivanje preko lista sa đubrivom koje u svom sastavu sadrži i P. Sastavni dio istraživanja bilo je i proučavanje međusobnih veza primarnih i sekundarnih metabolita u grožđu sa hranljivim elementima u listu vinove loze. Istraživanje je izvedeno na stonoj sorti 'Kardinal' tokom sazrijevanja u tri termina, tokom dvije uzastopne godine. Folijarno je primjenjivano PK đubrivo, sa veoma malim količinama B, Mn i Mo, u tri navrata svakih 14–15 dana. Prvo tretiranje obavljeno je 15 dana prije početka šarka. Zbog boljeg definisanja agroekoloških uslova, urađena je i analiza zemljišta, a podaci o srednjoj dnevnoj temperaturi, padavinama i broju sunčanih sati bili su obezbijeđeni preko Hidrometeorološkog zavoda Crne Gore...he grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L., Vitaceae family), is one of the most important fruit at a global level because of the extensive us e of grapes around the world. Grapes and grape products are subject to many modern studi es, especially those looking at biologically active secondary metabolites. Among th ese, phenolic compounds have received great attention due to their strong antica rcinogenic, antimutagenic, anti- inflammatory, antiallergenic and antimicrobial acti vity. Although phenolic composition is genetically determined, the content of phenolic compounds as secondary metabolites largely depends on applied agricultural practices a nd environmental conditions. Of particular interest are investigations on the possi bility of influencing the accumulation of phenolic compounds, e.g. through the application of different formulations, rates and combinations of fertilisers. The main objective of this dissertation was to exam ine the chemical composition of grapes and monitor the impact of foliar feeding with phosphorus and potassium on the content of phenolic compounds, sugars and organ ic acids. Bearing in mind the crucial importance of P and K in the synthesis of c arbohydrates and transport of assimilates to storage organs, a positive effect on the accumulation of primary metabolites and indirect influence on secondary met abolites is expected. On the other hand, foliar fertilisation with P was also carried out because the possibility of low P content in some organs of grapevine grown on calcar eous soils. An integral part of the research was the study of the relationships between primary and secondary metabolites in grapes and nutrients in the grapevine leaf. This study was conducted on cv. ‘Cardinal’ during g rape ripening in three terms over two consecutive years. PK foliar fertiliser co ntaining very small amounts of B, Mn and Mo, was applied three times every 14–15 days. T he first treatment was performed 15 days before the beginning of veraison. For a bet ter definition of agricultural conditions, a soil analysis was conducted, and the data on mean daily temperature, rainfall and number of sunshine hours were provided by the Hydrological and Meteorological Service of Montenegro..

Environmental trends in Montenegro: Land degradation neutrality

Land degradation neutrality (LDN) is an integral part of the 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development. Montenegro actively works on LDN target setting process. This paper aims to present: (a) the basic principles of LDN concept, (b) global datasets provided by UNCCD, (c) SWOT analysis for the country, and (d) to discuss possible national datasets and further activities related to LDN. LDN Target indicator is measured by means of three sub-indicators: land cover, land productivity and soil organic carbon (SOC), and it could be broaden with national indicators. Country has been provided by UNCCCD with global dataset on three sub-indicators, as well as with watershed boundaries, but is encouraged to utilize their own datasets. ESA land cover data indicate the conversion of 2460 ha of forests into to croplands or shrubs. Land productivity dynamics data indicated that 74300 ha of territory have sort of negative trends in land productivity. SOC at the country level indicates average content of 125.1 t/ha. Ten potential hotspots in the country had reduction of land productivity dynamics caused by wildfires, whereas five hotspots had multiple drivers of land degradation among which fires, agricultural abandonment and urbanization are the most important. Although there is a certain inaccuracy in global datasets, the country decision is to utilize them in defining LDN baseline. The national working group defined four specific voluntary targets: (1) Avoiding, minimizing land degradation, and redirecting land use changes, (2) Increase of land productivity - reduction of soil degradation, (3), Protection of natural ecosystems from wildfires, and (4) Improvement of soil monitoring system. Accordingly, 25 associated measures are defined to achieve LDN up to 2030. They are related to enhancement of LDN baseline in Montenegro, environmental legislations, direct measures to prevent, minimize land degradation and restore degraded land, sustainable agriculture and forestry, land use changes and social

PEDO–EXCEL: A Simple Excel Tool/Database to Prepare and Elaborate Soil Profile Data

Soil investigations in pedology are often made of four different stages: a) preliminary stage, b) on-field soil research, c) laboratory (analytical) research and d) data elaboration. Depending on the aim of soil investigations each of these stages can last for a different amount of time. On-field soil research is the central part of soil surveys. It consists of soil profile excavation, description of soil profiles and collection of soil samples. Experienced soil scientists can vast a lot of time in description of soil ectomorphological and endomorphological properties, whereas un-experienced soil scientists move often fastly over this stage to soil sampling. The description of soil profile is of the essential importance in soil surveys and a huge number of soil information can be collected while describing soil profiles. Soil description is often done manually by filling soil forms, but it is somewhere digitized. It is also a time–consuming job how to prepare those data for the further elaborations, often how to make them digitized. Another important issue in front of the researcher is how to present a large number of soil characteristics and to elaborated data in fast and efficient manner. Therefore, this necessity of being most efficient in soil data elaboration has forced us to prepare a simple Еxcel based tool to fastly retype and elaborate soil profile data. Pedo–Excel is based on FAO Guideline for soil description. General information, soil formation factors, and soil description headings with the different number of soil characteristics are offered to the users in drop down menues, which are specific for each soil characteristics. The user simply inserts collected data by choosing them from the menues. By this manner, the users can fill the columns for all soil horizons/layers and re-type the data for whole soil profile(s). Soil characteristics are provided with their full names and used abbreviations. Data elaboration in Pedo–Excel starts with the simple choice which of the soil characteristics should be presented in our work, by simple choosing of ’’1’’ (yes) or ’’0’’ (no) into the column next to the characteristic. The result of this choice is an Excel table with chosen soil characteristics. Each soil sheet presents one soil profile with up to ten soil horizons/layers. Almost all soil characteristics presented in FAO Guideline are part of the Pedo–Excel. Pedo–Excel is a simple, user friendly, and time efficient tool for elaboration of huge series of soil profile data collected during soil surveys

Efekat primene polifosfatnog stakla u supstratima za gajenje cveća i povrća

Due to the dissolution properties the phosphate glasses can be promising materials for the development of new ecologically safe fertilizers. The complex polyphosphate glass with a molar ratio (M2O + MO)/P2O5 >1 and addition of microelements Zn2+, Mn2+, Fe3+ and Cu2+ were used in substrate for production of flower and vegetables seedlings. Dissolution tests were conducted in deionized water and 2% citric acid. The effects of the reaction time on the normalized glass mass loss (fm) and the normalized concentrations of the ions (fi) at 20, 30, 37 and 50°C were determined. Dissolution rate constants (kw - deionized water, kc -2% citric acid) were also determined (kw-0.0028-0.0094 gm-2, kc-0.029-0.011 gm-2). Values of kc were higher than those of kw, which confirms a significant effect of solvent type and temperature on the dissolution kinetics of glass. The experiments with plants (one vegetable and one flower) showed that the addition of phosphate glass caused an increase in yield and quality of plants. The applied dose of polyphosphate glass of 1gl-1 showed the best effect on the growth of the examined plant seedlings.Polifosfatno staklo, u kome je molski odnos (M2O + MO)/P2O5 >1, koje sadrži i mikroelemente Zn2+, Mn2+, Fe3+ i Cu2+, korišćeno je u supstratu za proizvodnju rasada cveća i povrća. Eksperimenti su izvedeni u stakleniku na Poljoprivrednom fakultetu u Beogradu i u laboratorijama ITNMS. Ispitivano je ponašanje polifosfatnog stakla prilikom rastvaranja u dejonizovanoj vodi i 2% rastvoru limunske kiseline na temperaturama od 20, 30, 37 i 50 °C. Ispitan je uticaj vremena rastvaranja na normalizovani gubitak mase (fm) i normalizovane koncentracije jona (fi). Određene su i konstante brzina rastvaranja(kw-dejonizovana voda, kc -2% rastvor limunske kiseline). Vrednosti kc su veće od vrednosti za kw, što potvrđuje uticaj rastvarača i temperature na proces rastvaranja. Rezultati su pokazali pozitivan efekat polifosfatnog stakla na rast i kvalitet ispitivanih biljaka. Primenjena doza polifosfatnog stakla od 1 gl-1 pokazala je najbolji efekat na rast ispitivanih biljaka-rasada

Hemijske karakteristike visoko-krečnjačkih zemljišta koje određuju raspodelu fosfora

Phosphorus fractions from three highly calcareous soils (average, 24.9 +/- 4.8 %CO32-) from sampling sites with a Mediterranean climate were isolated by sequential extraction. In order to provide a more reliable basis for the definition of the obtained P-fractions, principal component analysis was applied and from the chemical characteristics of the 14 investigated soils, those characteristics which define at he content and association features of the P-fractions were assessed. The soils are characterized by a relatively high pH (8.0-8.2) and by significantly differing contents of organic mater, acid-soluble Mg and total P. These differences affected the various association features of the P-fraction with the soil constituents. The NH4F-P fraction (isolated with 0.5 M NH4F, pH 8.2) is defined by the contents of the main metals of the oxide-hydroxide-clay associations (Al, Fe, Mn) or by the the redox potential (Eh) of Mn. The accumulation of NaOH-phosphorus (extractable with 0.1 M NaOH) depended on the constituents of the oxide hydroxide-clay association, the humic substances and Eh-related factors. In those soils in which NaOH-P is defined by the oxide-hydroxide-clay association, the participation of Fe as a bridge-forming metal is proposed. The main part of total P, i.e., Delta P = TP - (NH4F-P + NaOH-P) is defined by the status of Mn- and Fe-humic complexes or by the concentration of hydroxyl-ions.Iz tri visoko-krečnjačka zemljišta (prosečni sadržaj CO 3 2- 24.9 ± 4.8%, pH 8.0 - 8.2), sa lokacija sa sredozemnom klimom, izolovane su frakcije fosfora sekvencijalnom ekstrakcijom. U cilju obezbeđivanja pouzdanije osnove za definisanje dobijenih frakcijafosfora (P-frakcija), primenjena je analiza principalne komponente (PC-analiza). Među 14 hemijskih karakteristika zemljišta, izdvojene su one koje definišu sadržaj pojedinih P-frakcija i prirodu njihove asocijacije sa sastojcima zemljišta. Frakcija NH 4-P (izolovana sa 0,5M NH 4F, pH = 8,2) definisana je sadržajem glavnih metala oksidne-hidroksidne-glinene asocijacije (Al, Fe, Mn) ili Eh-statusom izraženim sadržajem Mn. Akumulacija NaOH-P (ekstrahovanog sa 0,1 M NaOH) zavisila je od sastojaka oksidne-hidroksidne-glinene asocijacije, od huminskih supstanci i od faktora koji stoje u vezi sa Eh. U onim zemljištima u kojima je NaOH-P definisana sastojcima oksidne-hidroksidne-glinene asocijacije, pretpostavljeno je vezivanje fosfora preko Fe-mostova. Glavna količina fosfora ∆P = TP - (NH 4F-P + NaOH-P), u pojedinim zemljištima definisana je ili statusom Mn- i Fe-huminskih kompleksa, ili pH-vrednošću

Simulation of Silage-Maize Water Balance with CROPWAT and ISAREG Models

This paper presents the results of water-balance simulations in silage-corn production in the area around Bijelo Polje. Silage-maize production was simulated with CropWat and ISAREG models over three years and on two soil types. The simulated results showed a the variation between the two models and measured the difference in yield. Crop evapotranspiration over the three seasons ranged between 339.3mm and 421.8 mm. Net irrigation requirements were higher by 30-70 mm in the simulations with the CropWat model. Water-use efficiency ranged from 7.44 kg/m3 to 11.51 kg/m3. The obtained results confirmed both models as good tools in silage-maize water

SIMULATION OF WINTER WHEAT WATER BALANCE WITH CROPWAT AND ISAREG MODELS

This paper presents the results of water balance simulations on winter wheat production in the area around Bijelo Polje. Winter wheat production over three years and on two soil types has been simulated with the CROPWAT and ISAREG models. The simulated results have proved variations between the two models and the measured yield. Crop evapotranspiration ranges between 304.5 to 463.3 mm. The relative yield obtained after the simulations is very similar to the relative yield obtained on a measured basis, except in the 2008/2009 season. Net irrigation requirements (NIR) to obtain the maximum yield are higher at 49-116 mm in the simulations with the CROPWAT model. The total NIR to maximize yield ranges between 84-300 mm depending on the season and model. Water use efficiency ranges from 0.82 to 1.28 kg/m3. The obtained results verified both models as good tools for determining winter wheat water balance and indicated that winter wheat yields could be improved with irrigation