Protection Indicator in the Constitutions of the European Federations

The article presents the results of a comparative legal analysis of the constitutions of European federal states (Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, and Switzerland) with a view to identifying the norms that minimize human rights risks. The identification of such constitutional provisions is associated with the formalization of the protection of the human rights and freedoms, as well as its legal statuses and conditions. The research was based on a dialectical approach to the disclosure of legal phenomena and processes using general scientific (systematic and logical methods, analysis and synthesis) and specific scientific methods. The unity of the constitutional approach of the European federal states to formalize the judicial protection of the rights and freedoms of the individual (Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Switzerland) has been determined. The identification of such constitutional provisions are associated with the formalization of the protection of the human rights and freedoms, as well as its legal statuses and conditions. The Novelty of the study is carrying out the declared constitutional analysis of the defense was on the example of European federal states

Inadmissibilidade de experimentos em pessoas: imperativos constitucionais dos países pós- soviéticos

The article revealed typical and peculiar contexts, based on the analysis of the constitutional texts of CIS countries concerning the reflection of compulsory experiments on people prohibition. The approaches of states concerning the forbidden types of experiments on people were studied and, taking this into account, the conclusion is made about the advisability of prohibitive formulations by the analogy with those that are implemented in constitutional provisions on the inadmissibility of discrimination on any grounds. It was noted that with all the differences in the approaches of this group of states, they are all determined by the constitutional imperative of experiments on people inadmissibility.El artículo reveló contextos típicos y peculiares, basados en el análisis de los textos constitucionales de los países de la CEI sobre el reflejo de los experimentos obligatorios y su prohibición con personas. Se estudiaron los enfoques de los estados sobre los tipos prohibidos de experimentos con personas y, tomando esto en cuenta, se llegó a la conclusión sobre la conveniencia de formulaciones prohibitivas por la analogía con aquellas que se implementan en disposiciones constitucionales sobre la inadmisibilidad de la discriminación por cualquier motivo. Se observó que con todas las diferencias en los enfoques de este grupo de estados, todos están determinados por el imperativo constitucional de los experimentos sobre la inadmisibilidad de las personas.O artigo revelou contextos típicos e peculiares, com base na análise dos textos constitucionais dos países da CEI sobre o reflexo de experimentos compulsórios sobre a proibição de pessoas. As abordagens dos estados sobre os tipos proibidos de experimentos em pessoas foram estudadas e, levando isso em conta, a conclusão é feita sobre a conveniência de formulações proibitivas pela analogia com aquelas que são implementadas em disposições constitucionais sobre a inadmissibilidade da discriminação por qualquer razão. Notou-se que, com todas as diferenças nas abordagens desse grupo de estados, elas são todas determinadas pelo imperativo constitucional de experimentos sobre inadmissibilidade de pessoas.&nbsp

Length of legal proceedings and the pilot judgment procedure of the European Court of Human Rights: new challenges and problems

The article examines issues related to the impact of the pilot judgment procedure of the ECtHR on the problems of excessive length of legal proceedings in national legal systems. A brief overview of some of the pilot judgments adopted in relation to Respondent States is provided, and an assessment of the effectiveness of the general measures taken is given. Conclusions are drawn about the criteria for determining reasonable terms of legal proceedings in the practice of the ECtHR. As recommendations, a number of measures are proposed that will help states eliminate the excessive length of legal proceedings

La libertad de expresión en el contexto de la seguridad nacional

This article considers the versions of the constitutional consolidation of freedom of speech in the post-Soviet space in conjunction with the restrictive reasons for national security. Given that the latter is inherent in all the states, the authors, based on an analysis of their constitutional texts and doctrinal discussions about the divide between rights and freedoms, identified two of their principal groups. The first includes constitutions in which the freedom of speech is considered through the law and the second - where freedom of speech is considered through its guaranteeing. The article concludes that freedom is an independent, recognized as the legal ability of a person to choose the measure of his behavior, which in this case is outlined by the requirements of the norms of morality, religion, law, national security.Este artículo considera las versiones de la consolidación constitucional de la libertad de expresión en el espacio postsoviético junto con las razones restrictivas de la seguridad nacional. Dado que este último es inherente a todos los estados, los autores, basándose en un análisis de sus textos constitucionales y discusiones doctrinales sobre la división entre derechos y libertades, identificaron dos de sus grupos principales. El primero incluye las constituciones en las que la libertad de expresión se considera a través de la ley y el segundo, donde la libertad de expresión se considera a través de su garantía. El artículo concluye que la libertad es una capacidad independiente, reconocida como la capacidad legal de una persona para elegir la medida de su comportamiento, que en este caso está delineado por los requisitos de las normas de moralidad, religión, ley y seguridad nacional

Potencial parlamentario para garantizar la seguridad del Estado: experiencia constitucional de los países de la era postsoviética

The article presents the author’s analysis of the constitutional acts of the countries of the post-Soviet space in order to consolidate in them the catalog of powers of parliaments in the field of state security. The study revealed two constitutional approaches reflecting the catalog of powers of parliaments in ensuring the security of the state: the parliament acts as a body with the prerogative of introducing exclusive regimes in the state, declaring war and concluding peace; the parliament acts as a body that legalizes decrees of the head of state or government on security issues.El artículo presenta el análisis del autor de los actos constitucionales de los países del espacio postsoviético para consolidar en ellos el catálogo de poderes de los parlamentos en el campo de la seguridad del estado. El estudio reveló dos enfoques constitucionales que reflejan el catálogo de poderes de los parlamentos para garantizar la seguridad del estado: el actúa como un órgano con la prerrogativa de introducir regímenes exclusivos en el estado, declarar la guerra y concluir la paz; el parlamento actúa como un organismo que legaliza los decretos del jefe de estado o gobierno sobre cuestiones de seguridad

La naturaleza jurídica de las decisiones de los tribunales constitucionales de Rusia y países extranjeros y la investigación de sus consecuencias psicológicas

The authors, on the basis of the importance of the activities of constitutional courts in the system of separation of powers in most countries, propose a comparative legal analysis of the normative and legal acts governing the procedure for the adoption and legal nature of decisions of these bodies. On the basis of the study of the legal consolidation of the activities of the constitutional courts, it was concluded that the decisions of the constitutional courts, possessing such characteristics as the possibility of abolishing the legal norm; the final character; the obligation of execution for all state authorities, organizations and citizens; and the moral authority, perform a law-making function, establish rules governing important relations in society and play a special role in ensuring and protecting fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms plays an important role in ensuring and protecting fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms and constitutions of the countries considered in this article.Los autores, sobre la base de la importancia de las actividades de los tribunales constitucionales en el sistema de separación de poderes en la mayoría de los países, proponen un análisis jurídico comparativo de los actos normativos y legales que rigen el procedimiento para la adopción y la naturaleza jurídica de las decisiones de estos cuerpos. Sobre la base del estudio de la consolidación jurídica de las actividades de los tribunales constitucionales, se concluyó que las decisiones de los tribunales constitucionales, que poseen características tales como la posibilidad de abolir la norma legal; el personaje final; la obligación de ejecución para todas las autoridades estatales, organizaciones y ciudadanos; y la autoridad moral, desempeñar una función legislativa, establecer reglas que rijan las relaciones importantes en la sociedad y desempeñar un papel especial en garantizar y proteger los derechos y libertades humanos y civiles fundamentales desempeña un papel importante en garantizar y proteger los derechos y libertades humanos y civiles fundamentales y constituciones de los países considerados en este artículo

La naturaleza jurídica de las decisiones de los tribunales constitucionales de Rusia y países extranjeros y la investigación de sus consecuencias psicológicas

The authors, on the basis of the importance of the activities of constitutional courts in the system of separation of powers in most countries, propose a comparative legal analysis of the normative and legal acts governing the procedure for the adoption and legal nature of decisions of these bodies. On the basis of the study of the legal consolidation of the activities of the constitutional courts, it was concluded that the decisions of the constitutional courts, possessing such characteristics as the possibility of abolishing the legal norm; the final character; the obligation of execution for all state authorities, organizations and citizens; and the moral authority, perform a law-making function, establish rules governing important relations in society and play a special role in ensuring and protecting fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms plays an important role in ensuring and protecting fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms and constitutions of the countries considered in this article.Los autores, sobre la base de la importancia de las actividades de los tribunales constitucionales en el sistema de separación de poderes en la mayoría de los países, proponen un análisis jurídico comparativo de los actos normativos y legales que rigen el procedimiento para la adopción y la naturaleza jurídica de las decisiones de estos cuerpos. Sobre la base del estudio de la consolidación jurídica de las actividades de los tribunales constitucionales, se concluyó que las decisiones de los tribunales constitucionales, que poseen características tales como la posibilidad de abolir la norma legal; el personaje final; la obligación de ejecución para todas las autoridades estatales, organizaciones y ciudadanos; y la autoridad moral, desempeñar una función legislativa, establecer reglas que rijan las relaciones importantes en la sociedad y desempeñar un papel especial en garantizar y proteger los derechos y libertades humanos y civiles fundamentales desempeña un papel importante en garantizar y proteger los derechos y libertades humanos y civiles fundamentales y constituciones de los países considerados en este artículo

Personal Dignity in the European Legal Culture

The article presents the genesis of the origins of forming the legal mechanisms to protect the personal dignity in the European legal culture. It is noted that the legal content of dignity is predetermined by the moral aspect of consideration. In addition, the definition of "dignity" was transformed under the influence of the development of legal norms, doctrine and practice of protecting a person's rights and freedoms, the foundations of civil society and legal awareness. The chronological period of research was limited to the XIII-XIX centuries, within which the authors, using a comparative legal method, defined the directions of conceptualization and formalization of the personal dignity by scientists and legislation in the European countries. As a conclusion, it is shown that the observance of the right to personal dignity by the state will not only promote the exaltation of human dignity, but also simultaneously initiate the expansion of public law compensated by increasing the subjective rights

Territory in the Constitutional Standards of Unitary States

The article is based on the analysis of the constitutions of seven European countries (Albania, Hungary, Greece, Spain, Malta, Poland, Sweden). The research allows to reveal general and specific approaches to consolidation of norms on territories in a state and give the characteristic of the corresponding constitutional norms. Given the authors ' comprehensive approach to the definition of the territory of the state declared constitutional norms were assessed from the perspective of the fundamental principles and constituent elements of the territory. Considering the specifics of the constitutional types of state territories authors suggest typical and variative models and determine the constitutions of unitary states, distinguished by their originality in the declared group of legal relations. The original constitutional language areas associated with the introduction at the state level, these types of areas that are not typical for other countries

Constitutional Hypostases of Citizenship of the West European Countries

In this article, citizenship is considered in its various forms, based on a comparative legal analysis of the texts from the constitutions of Western European countries, taking into account doctrinal developments and the influence of various social phenomena and processes. Being derived from the sovereign public will, citizenship in the constitutional legal doctrine is traditionally treated as a stable legal relationship between a person and a state, expressed in the aggregate of their mutual rights and obligations. An analysis of the constitutional texts of Western European countries showed that citizenship was enshrined in them as a legal relationship, which parties could be states, as well as a state and an individual; citizenship was also enshrined as a constitutional-legal institution with varying degrees of structural and compositional concentration of its norms, as an independent law and a condition for the exercise of other constitutional rights, freedoms and duties. Typical and special constitutional features of the citizenship of Western European countries are shown