Lattiavahojen vertailu

Tämän insinöörityön tarkoitus oli vertailla erilaisia vahoja, jotka oli kaikki tarkoitettu julkisten tilojen lattianhoitoon. Työssä vertailtiin kahden tunnetun ja neljän tuntemattoman lattiavahan ominaisuuksia. Pinnoitteille suoritettiin Taber-testi, kemikaalin kestävyystesti sekä tutkittiin kiillon ja värin muutosta Xenon-kaapin valorasitustesteillä. Testit suoritettiin ISO-standardien mukaisesti, ja niiden tarkoituksena oli jäljitellä pinnoitteille tulevia rasituksia. Työssä on käyty myös läpi yleisimpiä julkisten tilojen lattiamateriaaleja sekä koneellisesti tapahtuvaa lattianhoitoa. Saatujen tulosten pohjalta voidaan todeta, että vahat antavat suojaa pinnoille, mutta suurempien johtopäätösten tekeminen näiden tulosten perusteella ei ole mahdollista. Luotettavampien tulosten saaminen olisi vaatinut pinnoitteen levityksen suhteen erilaisen koejärjestelyn. Pinnoitteen määrä kappaleiden pinnoilla vaihteli, mikä aiheutti hajontaa tuloksissa ja vaikeuttaa varsinaisen vertailun tekemistä

Pienellä kuormituksella olevan maaseudun keskijänniteverkon uudelleeninvestointien priorisointiperiaatteet

In the 21th century extreme weather-events have tested the reliability of the distribution networks and caused major disturbances of electricity supply. Major disturbances have raised the improvement of the reliability of distribution networks as an important issue, causing that the demands of reliability improvement were scribed in renewed Electricity Market Act in 2013. The demands will lead to large network investments in the next 15 years. Certain parts of the distribution network are clear targets to be prioritized for renovation due to their criticality, but the majority of the length of the distribution networks in Finland is low-loaded rural network, which prioritization on reliability point of view is no explicit task. The purpose of this thesis is to create prioritization principles for the reinvestment plan of the low loaded parts of the rural MV network. The prioritization principles are determined by comparing five different prioritization criteria on the reliability and the regulated asset value (RAV) of deconstructed network point of view. The criteria are cabling the oldest parts first, cabling the faultiest parts first, cabling the forest located parts first, starting the cabling from the main lines forward from the primary substation and cabling systematically forward from the primary substation.2000-luvulla sään ääri-ilmiöt ovat koetelleet sähkönjakeluverkkojen luotettavuutta ja aiheuttaneet sähkönjakelun suurhäiriöitä. Suurhäiriöt ovat nostaneet jakeluverkkojen luotettavuuden kehittämisen tärkeään rooliin, minkä seurauksena vaatimukset luotettavuuden kehittämiseksi kirjattiin vuonna 2013 uudistuneeseen sähkömarkkinalakiin. Vaatimukset tulevat johtamaan suuriin verkkoinvestointeihin seuraavan 15 vuoden aikana. Tietyt osat jakeluverkosta ovat selkeästi priorisoitavissa saneerattaviksi kohteiksi niiden kriittisyyden vuoksi, mutta suurin osa Suomen jakeluverkkojen verkkopituudesta on pienellä kuormituksella olevaa maaseutuverkkoa, jonka priorisoiminen luotettavuuden näkökulmasta ei ole yksiselitteinen tehtävä. Tämän työn tarkoituksena on luoda pienellä kuormituksella olevan maaseudun KJ-verkon osien priorisointiperiaatteet uudelleeninvestointisuunnitelman pohjaksi. Priorisointiperiaatteet on muodostettu vertailemalla viittä eri priorisointikriteeriä luotettavuuden ja purkautuvan verkon nykykäyttöarvon (NKA) näkökulmasta. Kriteerit ovat vanhimmista osista alkaen kaapelointi, vikaisimmista osista alkaen kaapelointi, metsäisimmistä osista alkaen kaapelointi, runkojohdoista alkaen kaapelointi sähköasemalta lähtien ja kaapelointi systemaattisesti sähköasemalta lähtien

Geometric and Reflectance Signature Characterization of Complex Canopies Using Hyperspectral Stereoscopic Images from Uav and Terrestrial Platforms

Peer reviewe

UAV-based photogrammetric point clouds and hyperspectral imaging for mapping biodiversity indicators in boreal forests

Peer reviewe

Assessing Biodiversity in Boreal Forests with UAV-Based Photogrammetric Point Clouds and Hyperspectral Imaging

Forests are the most diverse terrestrial ecosystems and their biological diversity includes trees, but also other plants, animals, and micro-organisms. One-third of the forested land is in boreal zone; therefore, changes in biological diversity in boreal forests can shape biodiversity, even at global scale. Several forest attributes, including size variability, amount of dead wood, and tree species richness, can be applied in assessing biodiversity of a forest ecosystem. Remote sensing offers complimentary tool for traditional field measurements in mapping and monitoring forest biodiversity. Recent development of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) enable the detailed characterization of forest ecosystems through providing data with high spatial but also temporal resolution at reasonable costs. The objective here is to deepen the knowledge about assessment of plot-level biodiversity indicators in boreal forests with hyperspectral imagery and photogrammetric point clouds from a UAV. We applied individual tree crown approach (ITC) and semi-individual tree crown approach (semi-ITC) in estimating plot-level biodiversity indicators. Structural metrics from the photogrammetric point clouds were used together with either spectral features or vegetation indices derived from hyperspectral imagery. Biodiversity indicators like the amount of dead wood and species richness were mainly underestimated with UAV-based hyperspectral imagery and photogrammetric point clouds. Indicators of structural variability (i.e., standard deviation in diameter-at-breast height and tree height) were the most accurately estimated biodiversity indicators with relative RMSE between 24.4% and 29.3% with semi-ITC. The largest relative errors occurred for predicting deciduous trees (especially aspen and alder), partly due to their small amount within the study area. Thus, especially the structural diversity was reliably predicted by integrating the three-dimensional and spectral datasets of UAV-based point clouds and hyperspectral imaging, and can therefore be further utilized in ecological studies, such as biodiversity monitoring

Point Cloud Generation from Aerial Image Data Acquired by a Quadrocopter Type Micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and a Digital Still Camera

The objective of this investigation was to develop and investigate methods for point cloud generation by image matching using aerial image data collected by quadrocopter type micro unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imaging systems. Automatic generation of high-quality, dense point clouds from digital images by image matching is a recent, cutting-edge step forward in digital photogrammetric technology. The major components of the system for point cloud generation are a UAV imaging system, an image data collection process using high image overlaps, and post-processing with image orientation and point cloud generation. Two post-processing approaches were developed: one of the methods is based on Bae Systems’ SOCET SET classical commercial photogrammetric software and another is built using Microsoft®’s Photosynth™ service available in the Internet. Empirical testing was carried out in two test areas. Photosynth processing showed that it is possible to orient the images and generate point clouds fully automatically without any a priori orientation information or interactive work. The photogrammetric processing line provided dense and accurate point clouds that followed the theoretical principles of photogrammetry, but also some artifacts were detected. The point clouds from the Photosynth processing were sparser and noisier, which is to a large extent due to the fact that the method is not optimized for dense point cloud generation. Careful photogrammetric processing with self-calibration is required to achieve the highest accuracy. Our results demonstrate the high performance potential of the approach and that with rigorous processing it is possible to reach results that are consistent with theory. We also point out several further research topics. Based on theoretical and empirical results, we give recommendations for properties of imaging sensor, data collection and processing of UAV image data to ensure accurate point cloud generation

Gene Expression Alterations in the Cerebellum and Granule Neurons of Cstb(-/-) Mouse Are Associated with Early Synaptic Changes and Inflammation

Peer reviewe

Cardiovascular Risk Factor Trajectories Since Childhood and Cognitive Performance in Midlife The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

Background: Cardiovascular risk factors, such as high blood pressure, adverse serum lipids, and elevated body mass index in midlife, may harm cognitive performance. It is important to note that longitudinal accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors since childhood may be associated with cognitive performance already since childhood, but the previous evidence is scarce. We studied the associations of cardiovascular risk factors from childhood to midlife, their accumulation, and midlife cognitive performance.Methods: From 1980, a population-based cohort of 3596 children (3-18 years of age) have been repeatedly followed up for 31 years. Blood pressure, serum lipids, and body mass index were assessed in all follow-ups. Cardiovascular risk factor trajectories from childhood to midlife were identified using latent class growth mixture modeling. Cognitive testing was performed in 2026 participants 34 to 49 years of age using a computerized test. The associations of the cardiovascular risk factor trajectories and cognitive performance were studied for individual cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular risk factor accumulation.Results: Consistently high systolic blood pressure (β=-0.262 SD [95% CI, -0.520 to -0.005]) and serum total cholesterol (β=-0.214 SD [95% CI, -0.365 to -0.064]) were associated with worse midlife episodic memory and associative learning compared with consistently low values. Obesity since childhood was associated with worse visual processing and sustained attention (β=-0.407 SD [95% CI, -0.708 to -0.105]) compared with normal weight. An inverse association was observed for the cardiovascular risk factor accumulation with episodic memory and associative learning (P for trend=0.008; 3 cardiovascular risk factors: β=-0.390 SD [95% CI, -0.691 to -0.088]), with visual processing and sustained attention (P for trendP for trend=0.048; 2 cardiovascular risk factors: β=-0.164 SD [95% CI, -0.318 to -0.010]).Conclusions: Longitudinal elevated systolic blood pressure, high serum total cholesterol, and obesity from childhood to midlife were inversely associated with midlife cognitive performance. It is important to note that the higher the number of cardiovascular risk factors, the worse was the observed cognitive performance. Therefore, launching preventive strategies against cardiovascular risk factors beginning from childhood might benefit primordial promotion of cognitive health in adulthood.</div

Repeatedly Measured Serum Creatinine and Cognitive Performance in Midlife : The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

Background and ObjectivesSerum creatinine is typically used to assess kidney function. Impaired kidney function and thus high serum creatinine increase the risk of poor cognitive performance. However, serum creatinine might have a nonlinear association because low serum creatinine has been linked to cardiovascular risk and impaired cognitive performance. We studied the longitudinal association between serum creatinine and cognitive performance in midlife.MethodsSince 2001, participants from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study were followed up for 10 years. Serum creatinine was measured repeatedly in 2001, 2007, and 2011. Sex-specific longitudinal trajectories for serum creatinine among participants without kidney disease were identified with latent class growth mixture modeling. Overall cognitive function and 4 specific domains-working memory, episodic memory and associative learning, reaction time, and information processing-were assessed with a computerized cognitive test.ResultsFour serum creatinine trajectory groups with clinically normal serum creatinine were identified for both men (n = 973) and women (n = 1,204). After 10 years of follow-up, cognitive testing was performed for 2,026 participants 34 to 49 years of age (mean age 41.8 years). In men and women, consistently low serum creatinine was associated with poor childhood school performance, low adulthood education, low adulthood annual income, low physical activity, and smoking. Compared to the men in the low serum creatinine trajectory group, those in the high serum creatinine group had better overall cognitive performance (β = 0.353 SD, 95% CI 0.022-0.684) and working memory (β = 0.351 SD, 95% CI 0.034-0.668), while those in the moderate (β = 0.247 SD, 95% CI 0.026-0.468) or normal (β = 0.244 SD, 95% CI 0.008-0.481) serum creatinine groups had better episodic memory and associative learning. No associations were found for women.DiscussionOur results indicate that in men, compared to low serum creatinine levels, consistently high levels may be associated with better memory and learning function in midlife.acceptedVersionPeer reviewe

Risk Factor Profile in Youth, Genetic Risk, and Adulthood Cognitive Function : The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

Introduction: The role of risk factor profile in childhood and adolescence on adulthood cognitive function and whether it differs by genetic risk is still obscure. To bring this evidence, we determined cognitive domain-specific youth risk factor profiles leveraging the childhood/adolescence data from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study and examined whether genetic propensity for poor cognitive function modifies the association between the risk profiles and adulthood cognitive function. Methods: From 1980, a population-based cohort of 3,596 children (age 3-18 years) has been repeatedly followed up for 31 years. Computerized cognitive test measuring (1) memory and learning, (2) short-term working memory, (3) reaction time, and (4) information processing was performed for 2,026 participants (age 34-49 years). Cognitive domain-specific youth risk profile scores, including physical and environmental factors, were assessed from the data collected at baseline and categorized into favourable, intermediate, and unfavourable. A polygenic risk score for a poor cognitive function was categorized into low, intermediate, and high risk. Results: At all genetic risk levels, a favourable youth risk factor profile is associated with better learning and memory, short-term working memory, and information processing compared to unfavourable risk profile (e.g., β = 0.501 SD, 95% CI: 0.043-0.959 for memory and learning among participants with high genetic risk). However, no significant interactions were observed between the youth risk factor profile score and genetic propensity for any cognitive domain (p > 0.299 for all). Conclusion: A favourable youth risk factor profile may be beneficial for cognitive function in adulthood, irrespective of genetic propensity for poor cognitive function.Peer reviewe